Baselines question and answers graded A+ 2023 passed

Baselines question and answers graded A+ 2023 passedBaseline: Definition - correct answer The baseline is the line from which the outer limits of the territorial sea (and thus other coastal zones) are measured. The waters on the landward side of the baseline are INTERNAL WATERS. It is the boundary between the INTERNAL WATERS (no general rights of other states) and THE TERRITORIAL SEA (others have rights) MARITIME BOUNDARIES: when neighbouring states apply equidistance principles to determine their maritime zones, they use baselines. The normal baseline: - correct answer Art. 5: "the normal baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal State." So, from land and connecting protuberances of land (no 12m) Special Rules for Determining Baselines: 7 - correct answer 1) Straight baselines (for coasts deeply indented or fringed with islands) 2) Bays 3) River Mouths 4) harbor works 5)Low-tide elevations 6) Islands 7) Reefs Straight baselines: Customary Rules - correct answer - Origin: Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries (ICJ) Held: Norwegian islets, rocks, ect. are an extension of mainland, and thus baselines start there. There were another 2 ways of drawing baselines, but neither was appropriate here so ICJ held N straight baselines= OK Court noted that method had been used by several states without objection. Here, England had not objected to this method for more than 60 years. Court held that there were several conditions that were codified in Art. 7+ of LOSC key x2: "sufficiently closely linked" to the mainland AND cannot depart from general direction of coastline Straight Baselines Limitations: LOSC x5 - correct answer 1) MAY be used... "In localities where the coastline is deeply indented and cut into, or if there is a fringe of islands along the coast in its immediate vicinity" (US does not do with Alaska) 2) CANNOT depart from the general direction of the coast AND sea areas lying within the lines must be SUFFICIENTLY LINKED to the land 3) CANNOT be drawn to or from low tide elevations UNLESS lighthouses or installations PERMANENTLY ABOVE SEA LEVEL have been built on them 4) "may NOT be applied by a State in such a manner as to cut off the territorial sea 5) MUST clearly indicate lines on charts to which DUE PUBLICITY must