The Psychology of Women 7th Edition- Margaret W. Matlin’s Test Bank

Which of the following is the best explanation of how attitudes may influence gender differences on cognitive tasks? a. Children tend to react against their parents’ stereotypes, especially during adolescence, so girls become overconfident about their math ability. *b. Boys perceive themselves as being more competent than girls, as far as math ability, so this self-confidence can improve their performance. c. Boys react more strongly when they experience stereotype threat, and so they frequently provide a quick answer that is incorrect. d. Because boys are more impulsive than girls, they are less likely to develop negative attitudes about cognitive tasks. Pages 161-162 5-49. According to Chapter 5, stereotype threat is likely to affect students’ performance when a. a person of the other gender is taking a test at the same time. b. a message is processed by the left hemisphere, rather than the right hemisphere. c. a threatening message is presented through a sound system, rather than in person. *d. people are reminded that they belong to a group that does not do well on the task they are attempting. Page 162 5-50. If you were a high-school guidance counselor, what would you conclude after reading the section on cognitive abilities? a. Only the most outstanding females should be encouraged to go into fields such as engineering and mathematics. *b. Although females may score lower on some tasks requiring spatial ability, most males and females receive similar scores. c. Although males score lower than females on many standardized math tests, they actually earn higher grades in classes. d. Only the most outstanding males should be encouraged to go into fields requiring verbal skill. Page 163 5-51. A person who enjoys accomplishing tasks very competently is high in a. extrinsic motivation. b. fear of failure. *c. achievement motivation. d. attributions for success. 223 of 381 Page 163 5-52. Suppose that you know a woman who is an executive, and she says, “I don’t think there are enough women who are really motivated to achieve.” How would you respond? a. “You are partly correct; females earn lower scores than males do on tests of achievement motivation.” b. “You are partly correct, because the number of female college graduates is still somewhat less than the number of male college graduates.” c. “You are incorrect, because females are now actually higher than males in selfconfidence.” *d. “You are incorrect, because females spend more time studying than males, and they earn higher grades.” Page 164 5-53. A school psychologist presents you with a picture of several people seated around a conference table and asks you to create a story about the picture. The psychologist is most likely measuring your *a. achievement motivation. b. self-confidence. c. spatial perception. d. verbal ability. Page 164 5-54. What can we conclude about gender differences in achievement motivation? a. Men are somewhat higher in achievement motivation, across a variety of conditions. *b. There are no substantial gender differences. c. Men are higher in achievement motivation on practical tasks, whereas women are higher on academic tasks. d. Girls are higher than boys in achievement motivation, but men are higher than women in this area. Page 164 5-55. Suppose that you are teaching high school, and your students were tested with a task that required them to create a story based on a drawing. What would you expect about the achievement motivation of the students in your class? a. The males would have higher achievement motivation than the females. b. The females would appear to have higher achievement motivation, but it could be traced to their interest in pleasing other people. *c. There would be no substantial gender differences. d. The females would show much greater variability in achievement motivation than the males, but the averages would be similar. 224 of 381 Page 164 5-56. Suppose that you take a variety of tests to measure various aspects of your motivation style. Your results show that you are high in intrinsic motivation, which means that *a. you like to work on a task because it is interesting. b. you really enjoy getting a high score on examinations. c. you are concerned that your high score will make you less popular with other people. d. you are primarily concerned that you will fail on an important task. Page 164 5-57. In her spare time, Daniella likes to work on crossword puzzles, simply because she enjoys these puzzles. Apparently, Daniella’s motivation on these crossword puzzles can be labeled *a. intrinsic motivation. b. stereotype threat. c. fear of failure. d. achievement motivation. Pages 165-166 5-58. In which of the following situations would you expect the largest gender differences in self-confidence? *a. when predicting out loud how well you will do when you are in a group of people b. on a task that is gender neutral c. when the task is moderately familiar d. when the task requires hard work, rather than natural talent Page 165 5-59. According to the discussion of motivation and attitudes about success, which of the following gender differences is largest? a. achievement motivation b. personal definitions of success *c. level of self-confidence d. intrinsic motivation Page 166 5-60. When should women be likely to provide low estimates of their self-confidence, in comparison to men’s estimates? *a. after someone else has just revealed a low grade b. when performing a stereotypically feminine task c. when performing a gender-neutral task d. when judging their ability to comfort a friend 225 of 381 Pages 166 5-61. What can we conclude about self-confidence on achievement tasks? a. In general, no gender differences appear in this area. b. When working with no one else in the room, women are more self-confident than men. *c. No major gender differences in self-confidence appear when the task is described as being one that “women are good at.” d. Men are much more self-confident than women on traditionally masculine tasks; women are somewhat more self-confident than men on traditionally feminine tasks. Page 166 5-62. In which of the following situations would you expect men and women to be most different with respect to self-confidence? *a. a task that is stereotypically masculine b. a task that everyone has performed many times in the past c. a noncompetitive, low-key task d. a task that is stereotypically feminine Page 166 5-63. Chapter 5 discussed a study in which high school students were asked to recall their score on an important mathematics test that they had completed two years earlier. The results of the study showed that the gender differences in their recalled scores *a. were largest when students had strong gender stereotypes about math ability. b. were smallest when students had strong gender stereotypes about math ability. c. were smallest when students had low math ability. d. were not significant in any of the conditions. Pages 166-168 5-64. Your text describes a study in which students worked on a series of cognitive tasks and then received either positive or negative comments about their performance. The results of this research indicated that a. women’s self-confidence stayed the same, regardless of the type of comments. *b. women’s self-confidence increased greatly after positive comments and decreased greatly after negative comments. c. both men and women had increased confidence after positive comments, but after negative comments men’s confidence dropped more than women’s. d. gender differences were not found in this study. 226 of 381 Pages 166-168 5-65. Imagine that a male and a female have each received enthusiastic praise for their lab reports. What would you be likely to observe about their self-confidence? a. The self-confidence of both would rise significantly. b. The self-confidence of the male would rise more than the self-confidence of the female. *c. The self-confidence of the female would rise more than the self-confidence of the male. d. Neither person would show a change in self-confidence. Pages 166-168 5-66. Imagine that a male and a female have each received negative comments about an oral presentation. What would you be likely to observe about their self-confidence? a. The self-confidence of both would decrease dramatically. b. The self-confidence of the female would decrease, whereas the self-confidence of the male would actually increase slightly. *c. The self-confidence of the female would decrease more than the self-confidence of the male. d. The decline in their self-confidence would be greater if the negative remarks were made privately, rather than in public. Pages 166-168 5-67. According to the research on self-confidence and other people’s evaluations of your work, a. men are more likely than women to believe that other people are giving them accurate evaluations. *b. women consider comments from others when they try to figure out how well they are doing; men pay less attention to the comments. c. men are more accurate than women in recalling the nature of the comments they have received from other people. d. women are more likely than men to believe that they do not deserve negative comments. Page 168 5-68. Chapter 5 described a study in which bank employees received either positive or negative comments from a supervisor. The results of this study showed that *a. women were more responsive to the feedback than men were. b. men were more responsive to the feedback than women were. c. women were more likely to believe positive comments, but men were more likely to believe negative comments. d. there were no gender differences in responsiveness to these comments. 227 of 381 Pages 167-168 5-69. In Chapter 5, you tried a demonstration that focused on the definitions of success, as provided by highly successful people. The results of the study showed that a. men were much more likely than women to emphasize that a high salary was the most important measure of success. b. women were much more likely than men to emphasize that they enjoy helping staff members to develop their own unique strengths. *c. women were somewhat more likely than men to describe a balance between personal relationships and achievement as a professional. d. men and women responded very similarly in this study. Pages 168-169 5-70. What can we conclude about the way in which women and men explain why they were successful on a task? a. Men are consistently more likely than women to say that their success is due to their ability. b. Men are consistently more likely than women to say that their success is due to hard work. *c. Overall, there are no consistent gender differences in these attributions. d. Men are consistently more likely than women to blame their failures on lack of hard work. Pages 168-169 5-71. Your best friends—one female and one male—have just made the dean’s list at your college. If both are typical of their genders, how would they explain their success to themselves? a. The male would be more likely to think it was just luck. b. The male will be more likely to think that he really worked hard. c. The female will be more likely to think that her instructors just happened to like her this semester. *d. These two people probably will not differ substantially in their thoughts about their reasons for success. Page 169 5-72. Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary of the research on people’s attributions for their own success? *a. Ned: “If we look only at adults who are older than 25, men are more likely than women to attribute their success to their high ability.” b. Diane: “When working on gender-neutral tasks, men are more likely than women to attribute their success to their high ability.” c. Sylvan: “When people provide their judgments in private, men are more likely than women to attribute their success to their high ability.” d. Nadia: “Actually, no gender differences have been reported in this area.” 228 of 381 Page 169 5-73. Suppose that college students are asked to state out loud in a group why they think that they did so well on the last exam in organic chemistry. What might you expect to find with respect to gender comparisons? a. Females would be somewhat more likely to attribute their success to high ability. b. Males would be somewhat more likely to attribute their success to hard work. *c. Males would be somewhat more likely to attribute their success to high ability. d. There would be no gender differences in attribution patterns. Page 169 5-74. In which of the following conditions would you expect to find the largest gender differences in people’s explanations for their own success? a. when the women are high in achievement motivation b. when judgments are made in private c. when the women are nontraditional *d. when performing a task that is stereotypically masculine Page 169 5-75. In which of the following situations would you expect to find the greatest gender similarities in self-attribution patterns? a. when other people are present *b. when testing adolescents c. when women are low in achievement motivation d. on a task that is typically considered to be masculine Page 169 5-76. After considering the research about gender comparisons in motivation, which of the following statements is most accurate? a. Gender differences are relatively large in achievement motivation. *b. Men and women give similar explanations for their success on a task. c. Men and women are similar in their levels of self-confidence. d. Gender differences in motivation explain a large portion of the gender differences in the workplace. 229 of 381 CHAPTER 6 Gender Comparisons in Social and Personality Characteristics Page 174 6-1. Which of the following students provides the best understanding of the social constructionist approach? a. Gene: “Our social information is constructed by an interaction of our genetic predispositions and the social world.” b. Audra: “Our beliefs about social categories are gradually acquired during the first three years of life; thereafter, it’s difficult to change them.” *c. Qing: “Our experience in our culture provides the information necessary to invent our own versions of reality.” d. Rennie: “Our knowledge about the social world is stored in mental images, rather than in language or verbal descriptions.” Pages 174-175 6-2. According to the social constructionist approach to gender, a. our views of the world provide us with objective perspectives about social interactions. b. our views of the world are shaped primarily by rewards and punishments. c. we create highly accurate representations of the outside world. *d. we create our versions of reality, based on our gender-related interactions and experiences in the world. Pages 174-175 6-3. Which of the following statements is the best description of the social constructionist perspective? a. People learn their social roles by the principles of operant conditioning and modeling. b. Each individual constructs a life plan, according to his or her construction of the ideal self. c. The conflicts we faced as children help us construct a prototype for our adult interactions. *d. We construct our view of the world, including what it means to be male or female. 230 of 381 Pages 174-175 6-4. According to the social constructionist approach to gender, a. each person in a culture constructs a completely different version of the reality that he or she experiences. b. social behavior can best be understood in terms of essentialism, so that all women are fairly similar in their social characteristics. c. all cultures share many basic concepts about gender, and these concepts can best be explained in terms of the principles of evolution. *d. language is an important mechanism for categorizing our social experiences and creating our individual realities. Page 176 6-5. Suppose that you are reading an article in a professional journal about gender differences in some social behavior. You are reading the methods section and have not yet reached the results section. You are most likely to expect a large gender difference in which of the following situations? a. when behavior is tallied by a trained observer b. when participants do not need to have special skills c. when work roles are made especially prominent *d. when other people are present Page 176 6-6. Imagine that you are attending a lecture on gender comparisons in social behavior. You have been told that the speaker will provide an overview of the topic. Which of the following statements would you most expect to hear? a. Surprisingly, gender differences are small when gender roles are emphasized. b. Gender differences are small when other people are watching you. *c. Gender differences are large when the relevant behavior involves skills related to one’s gender. d. Gender differences are large when other roles—such as work—are emphasized. Page 176 6-7. Chapter 6 begins with a discussion about gender differences in social behavior. Which of the following statements is correct about the situations that are likely to demonstrate especially small gender differences? *a. Gender differences are small if you compare men and women with similar jobs and you emphasize their work roles. b. Gender differences are small when other people are watching. c. Gender differences are small when we study nonverbal behavior. d. Gender differences are small when we study people in developing countries, rather than in North America. 231 of 381 Page 176 6-8. According to the material in Chapter 6, the gender differences in social interactions are largest *a. when other people are present. b. when the situation emphasizes factors other than gender, such as work roles. c. when we are doing something routine, which we have done numerous times in the past. d. when we are talking about positive emotions, rather than negative emotions. Pages 176-177 6-9. Suppose that a male friend of yours tells you, “Well, no wonder I can’t really understand what my girlfriend is trying to tell me. After all, men and women kind of come from different planets!” Your best reply would be a. “You are correct; the gender differences in communication are large.” b. “You are correct; the gender differences aren’t enormous, but these differences have been observed in almost every component of communication.” *c. “You are not correct; there are some gender differences, but these differences typically depend on specific details of the situation.” d. “You are not correct, because the research shows that men and women are virtually identical in the way they communicate.” Page 177 6-10. Studies on men and women in conversation indicate that a. women talk more than men, but men interrupt more than women do. b. women talk more than men, and women also interrupt more than men do. c. men and women talk equally, and they also interrupt each other equally. *d. the gender differences are small, but some studies show that men talk and interrupt more than women do. Page 177 6-11. What can we conclude about interruption patterns in conversations? a. Women often interrupt other women, especially to change the topic of the conversation. b. Men are especially likely to interrupt high-status men. *c. Men interrupt more often than women interrupt, though not in all situations. d. In the current era, there are really no gender differences in interruption patterns.