TEXES Social Studies 4-8 Exam

Second Continental Congress - ANSWER-A convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the spring of 1775 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Managed the Colonial war effort and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. Townshend Acts (1767) - ANSWER-A series of British acts passed beginning in 1767 and relating to the British American colonies in North America. Thirteen Colonies - ANSWER-A group of British colonies on the east coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries that declared independence in 1776 and formed the United States of America. Azimuthal Projection - ANSWER-A stereographic projection onto a plane so centered at any given point that a straight line radiating from the center to any other point represents the shortest distance. Can be measured to scale. Choropleth Map - ANSWER-A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area Fuller Projection - ANSWER-Maintains the accurate size and shape of landmasses but completely rearranges direction Mercator Projection - ANSWER-A type of cylindrical projection. A modified cylindrical projection that is helpful to navigators because it allows them to maintain a constant compass direction between two points. Reference Map - ANSWER-A map type that shows reference information for a particular place, making it useful for finding landmarks and for navigating Thematic Map - ANSWER-A map that displays one or more themes, such as population, or income level-within a specific area. Spatial Map - ANSWER-Maps that show relationships between things in space (and no, that's not outer space...) Topological Map - ANSWER-Simplified so that only vital information; lack scale, and distance and direction are subject to change and variation, but the relationship between points is maintained Cartograms - ANSWER-Type of thematic map in which some thematic mapping variable - such as travel time or Gross National Product - is substituted for land area or distance Dot Maps - ANSWER-Thematic maps that use points to show the precise locations of specific observations or occurrences, such as crimes, car accidents, or births Isolines - ANSWER-Lines on a map that connect data points of equal value Cognitive Maps - ANSWER-Mental representations of how a physical space is organized Conical Projection - ANSWER-These projections superimposes a cone over the sphere of the earth, with two reference parallels secant to the globe and intersecting it. Distortion increases further from the chosen parallels. Bonne Projection - ANSWER-A conical projection, in which areas are accurately represented but the meridians are not on a true scale. 7 Continents - ANSWER-Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. Asia is the largest while Australia is the smallest. 5 Major Oceans - ANSWER-Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, Arctic. Pacific Ocean - ANSWER-Covers 46% of the total water surface of the Earth, and covers more than a third of the total surface area. Largest of all the Oceans. Mariana Trench - ANSWER-Deepest point on the earth; is in the North Pacific Ocean. Atlantic Ocean - ANSWER-Bordered by Americas in the wet and Africa and Europe in the east. Consists of the Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean Sea, Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. The saltiest ocean. The water in the North circulates clockwise while in the South in circulates anti-clockwise. Second youngest of oceans, less than 30 million years old. Sperm Whale - ANSWER-Largest living toothed animal found in the Atlantic Ocean. Coriolis Effect - ANSWER-An effect whereby a mass moving in a rotating system experiences a force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation. On the earth, the effect tends to deflect moving objects to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere and is important in the formation of cyclonic weather systems. Indian Ocean - ANSWER-Third largest ocean, bordering the eastern coast of Africa, the shores of the Middle East and India in the north. 20% of all the water on the Earth's surface is in this ocean. 40% of the world's offshore oil production occurs here. This ocean is warm enough to keep phytoplanktons low resulting in limited life forms. Mumbai Port - ANSWER-The chief trading port in India on the coast of the Indian Ocean and is known to be the Gateway of India. Singapore - ANSWER-The busiest port in the world located on the Indian Ocean. Arctic Ocean - ANSWER-Smallest and shallowest of all the oceans. Includes the Hudson Bay, the North Sea and Barents Sea. Mostly covered with ice. Located in the Northern Hemisphere; has the lowest salinity among all the oceans because of the lower amount of evaporation, flow of heavy freshwater from rivers and streams, and has limited connection to other oceans. North Polar Basin - ANSWER-Divided in to the two oceanic basins, the Amerasian Basin and the Eurasian Basin by the Lomonosov Ridge. Lomonosov Ridge - ANSWER-Underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean. Like Deep - ANSWER-Deepest part of the Arctic Ocean found in the Eurasian Basin. Antarctic Ocean - ANSWER-Fourth largest ocean. Referred sometimes as the Southern Ocean and located near the South Pole. Joins the waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans and has a great influence on the earth's weather patterns. Youngest of all oceans and marine life rich. Mount Everest - ANSWER-The highest point on Asia located in China and Nepal Dead Sea - ANSWER-The lowest point on Asia located in Israel, Jordan and Palestine Aconcagua - ANSWER-The highest point in South America located in Argentina Laguna del Carbon - ANSWER-The lowest point in South America located in Argentina Denali - ANSWER-The highest point in North America located in the United States Death Valley - ANSWER-The lowest point in North America located in the United States Mount Kilimanjaro - ANSWER-The highest point in Africa located in Tanzania Lake Assal - ANSWER-The lowest point in Africa located in Djibouti Mount Elbrus - ANSWER-The highest point in Europe located in Russia Caspian Sea - ANSWER-The lowest point in Europe located in Russia Vinson Massif - ANSWER-The highest point in Antarctica Deep Lake - ANSWER-Also known as Vestfold Hills, the lowest point in Antarctica Puncak Jaya - ANSWER-The highest point in Australia located in Indonesia (Papua) Lake Eyre - ANSWER-The lowest point in Australia Continental Crust - ANSWER-A platform of metamorphic and igneous rock, largely of granitic composition. Precambrian Era - ANSWER-Occured 4.6 billion years ago. Earliest part of Earth's history set before the current Phanerozoic Eon. Accounts for 88% of the Earth's geologic time. Subdivided into three eons: Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic. Metamorphic Rock - ANSWER-Arises from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism. The original rock or protolith is subjected to heat (greater than 150 to 200 C) and pressure, causing physical or chemical change. Makes up a large part of the Earth's crust and form 12% of the Earth's land surface. Protolith - ANSWER-Original rock form; can be sedimentary, igneous, or existing metamorphic rock. Igneous Rock - ANSWER-Also known as magmatic rock is one of the three rock types. Formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Sedimentary Rock - ANSWER-Types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. The particles that form this rock by accumulating are called sediment. Sediment - ANSWER-Naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice, and/or by the force of gravity acting on the particles. Silt - ANSWER-Granular material of a size between sand and clay, whose mineral origin is quartz and feldspar. May occur as a soil (often mixed with sand or clay) or as sediment mixed in suspension with water and soil in a body of water such as a river. Fluvial Processes - ANSWER-Processes that are associated with rivers and streams and the deposits and landforms created by them. These landforms include Basins, Channels, Delta, Floodplain, Canyons, Islands, Gully, Waterfalls, etc. Aeolian Processes - ANSWER-Processes pertaining to wind activity, specifically to the wind's ability to shape the surface of the Earth. Winds may erode, transport, and deposit materials and are effective agents in regions with sparse vegetation, a lack of soil moisture and a large supply of unconsolidated sediments. Stratum - ANSWER-Layer of sedimentary rock or soil, or igneous rock that were formed at the earth's surface, with internally consistent characteristics that distinguish it from other layers. Seen as bands of different colored or differently structured material exposed in cliffs, road cuts, quarries, and river banks. Plate Tectonics - ANSWER-A scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of the Earth's lithosphere, began between 3 and 3.5 billion years ago. Continental Drift - ANSWER-The movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other, appearing to drift across the ocean bed. First put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1956 and later developed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. Pangaea - ANSWER-A supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. Assembled around 335 million years ago and began to break apart about 175 million years ago. Bay of Bengal - ANSWER-Largest bay in the worth and 10 largest sea. Located in the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. Bering Sea - ANSWER-The 9th largest sea. A marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean, separated by the Alaska Peninsula from the Gulf of Alaska. Named after Vitus Bering who explored it in 1728 as he sailed from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Tasman Sea - ANSWER-The 8th largest sea, a part of the South Pacific Ocean between Australia and New Zealand. Was one of the major part of voyage of Captain James Cook in the 1770s. Mediterranean Sea - ANSWER-The 7th largest sea, considered part of the Atlantic Ocean, this sea is almost completely enclosed by land on the east by Levant, on the south by North Africa and on the north by Europe. The sea is also connected to around 60 countries and its basins. Carribbean Sea - ANSWER-The 6th largest sea, located in the tropics of the western hemisphere and bounded by Greater Antilles to the north, Lesser Antilles to the east, South America to the south and Mexico and Central America to the west, and is part of the Atlantic Ocean. The deepest part of this sea is the Cayman Trough at 7686m below the sea level between Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Weddell Sea - ANSWER-The 5th largest sea with the cleanest water on Earth. Part of the Southern Ocean containing the Weddell Gyre. Discovered in 1823 this sea is mostly covered by ice and is home to penguins, leopard seals, and killer whales. South China Sea - ANSWER-The 4th largest sea and part of the Pacific Ocean. This sea is bordered to Singapore, Malacca Straits and the Taiwan Straits. Considered one of the major shipping transitions in the area. Arabian Sea - ANSWER-The 3rd largest sea and is part of the Indian Ocean. Bounded by India on the east, Arabian peninsula on the west, Pakistan and Iran on the north and Somalia on the northeastern region. Regarded as the major marine trade route in the world. Coral Sea - ANSWER-The 2nd largest sea located in the northeast coast of Australia. Includes the Great Barrier Reef, bounded by the Queensland in the west, Vanautu and New Caledonia in the east, and Solomon Islands in the southern extremity. Includes the Gulf of Papua and reaches to New Guinea. Philippine Sea - ANSWER-The largest sea in the world. Part of the North Pacific Ocean and borders the Philippine archipelago on the southwest, Taiwan on the west and Japan on the north. With great tectonic plates at the base the sea has a very complex and diversified relief undersea. Enclosed some of the deepest trenches in the world, namely Philippine trench and the Mariana Trench. Tuna is found here. Great Slave Lake - ANSWER-The 10th largest lake in the world and is the deepest lake in North America; the 2nd largest lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada. The Hay River is the primary inflow while the main outflow is the Mackenzie River. Lake Malawi - ANSWER-The 9th largest lake in the world located in Mozambique, Tanzania and Malawi. 3rd largest and 2nd deepest lake in Africa. Considered a meromictic lake. Meromictic lake - ANSWER-A lake with surface and deep-water layers that don't intermix. Great Bear Lake - ANSWER-The 8th largest lake located 200 km south of the Arctic Circle within the Northwest Territories of Canada. The 4th largest lake in North America. Lake Baikal - ANSWER-The 7th largest lake in the world and is considered a rift lake. Located north of the Mongolian border in Russia's southern Siberian region. The world's largest ice-free freshwater lake and contains around 20% of the world's total fresh water. Rift lake - ANSWER-Lakes formed due to movements within a tectonic rift zone Lake Tanganyika - ANSWER-The 6th largest lake in the world and a part of the African Great Lakes. The longest freshwater lake and the largest surface area located amidst the highlands of Africa. It is the 2nd deepest and largest freshwater lake in the world by volume. Formed due to tectonic movements. Lake Michigan - ANSWER-The 5th largest lake located in the Great Lakes region of North America. Located entirely in the United States it is the 3rd largest by surface area and 2nd in volume. Formed by glacial movements and is connected to the ocean by means of manmade waterways and canals such as the Saint Lawrence and Great Lakes channels.