Biology B Final Review exam 2023 with 100% correct answers

Describe how cell reproduction contributes to repair and to growth cells divide in 2 ways, meiosis and mitosis, this creates new cells that get rid of the old and damaged ones contrast the 2 main ways organisms reproduce mitosis: 1 round of division, daughter cells are genetically the same meiosis: 2 rounds of division, daughter cells arent genetically the same describe the structure of a chromosome the centromere is in the middle of the "X" and the tips of the "X" are identical chromatids Stages of the cell cycle and description Interphase- G1: cell growth, S phase: DNA replication, G2: preparation for mitosis Cell division- M Phase: mitosis-cell division of nucleus, cytokinesis- division of cytoplasm compare benign and malignant tumors benign- does not spread to other parts of the body, it is not cancerous malignant- cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue, cancerous explain the purpose of meiosis to reduce the normal diploid cells and create haploid cells where in the body does meiosis take place? reproductive organs of the body what is a diploid cell? haploid? diploid- has 2 sets of chromosomes haploid- has half of the chromosomes that a cell usually has what are homologous chromosomes? chromosomes that one set comes from the male and one set comes from the female what are gametes? a sex cell if the "n" number of a cell is 24, what would its diploid number be? 48 phases of meiosis and mitosis mitosis: prophase-dna condenses metaphase- lines up at the center of the cell anaphase- start to split and move to opposite sides of the cell telophase- a nuclear envelope starts to separate and then goes through cytokinesis and makes its own daughter cells Meiosis: prophase 1-chrmosomes pair with corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad metaphase 1-spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes anaphase 1-fibers pull homologous chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell telophase 1 and cytokinesis- nuclear membranes form. the cell separates into 2 cells prophase 2- at the end of phase 1 it makes 2 haploid cells, it has half of the chromosomes than it first had metaphase 2- chromosomes line up anaphase 2- chromatids start to move to opposite sides of the cell telophase 2 and cytokinesis-results in 4 haploid cells