CPCE Practice Questions 494 Questions with Verified Answers 2023,100% CORRECT

CPCE Practice Questions 494 Questions with Verified Answers 2023 Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are... A) Psychometric B) Psychodiagnostic C) Psychopharmacological D) Psychosocial - CORRECT ANSWER D) Psychosocial In Freud's psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists... A) Emphasize the id processes B) Refute the concept of the superego C) Believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior D) Are sometimes known as radical behaviorists - CORRECT ANSWER C) Believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was... A) Erik Erikson B) Milton H. Erickson C) A.A. Brill D) Jean Piaget, who created the four stage theory - CORRECT ANSWER A) Erik Erikson Has 8 stages representing a psychosocial crisis/turning point. Final stage does not begin until age 60 The statement, "the ego is dependent on the id," would most likely reflect the work of... A) Erik Erikson B) Sigmund Freud, who created the psychodynamic theory C) Jay Haley D) Arnold Lazarus, William Perry and Robert Kegan - CORRECT ANSWER B) Sigmund Freud (In Freudian theory, the id=the pleasure principle. Erikson emphasizes the power of control. Haley is known for strategic and problem-solving therapy. Lazaras is pioneer in behavior therapy. Robert Perry - CORRECT ANSWER -Known for ideas related to adult cognitive development -Stresses dualistic thinking (conceptualize things as good or bad and right or wrong) -Enter adulthood and move into relativistic thinking (ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong) Jean Piaget's idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is.... A) formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations, sensorimotor B) Formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations, sensorimotor C) Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations D) Concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal operations - CORRECT ANSWER C) Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations Ideographics - CORRECT ANSWER Examine individuals (not groups) in depth Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Jean Piaget's developmental research inasmuch as... A) he utilized the t test too requently B) He failed to check for Type 1 or alpha errors C) He worked primarily with minority children D) His findings were often derived from observing his own children - CORRECT ANSWER D) His findings were often derived from observing his own children A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered... A) Symbolic schema B) Conservation C) Androgynous psychosocial issues D) Trust vs. mistrust - CORRECT ANSWER B) Conservation (The notion that a substance's weight, mass and volume remain the same event if it changes shape. Child masters conservation at concrete operational stage (7-11 years old) In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to... A) Volume or mass B) Defenses of the ego C) The sensorimotor intelligence stage D) A specific psychosexual stage of life - CORRECT ANSWER A) Volume or mass A child masters conservation in the Piatetian stage known as.. A) Formal operations (12+) B) Concrete operations (7-11) C) Preoperations (2-7) D) Sensorimotor (birth-2) - CORRECT ANSWER B) Concrete operations (7-11) (Conservation and Concrete both begin with "c") ________ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development... A) Erik Erikson B) Lev Vygotsky C) Lawrence Kohlberg D) John B. Watson - CORRECT ANSWER C) Kohlberg (Vygotsky said stages unfold due to educational intervention) (Kohlberg's theory of moral development) According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests... A) The heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift B) The child is ambidextrous C) The child is more cognizant of mass than weight D) One can undo an action, hence an object (glass of water) can return to its initial shape) - CORRECT ANSWER D) One can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape During a thunderstorm, a 6-year old in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of... A) Egocentrism B) Conservation C) Centration D) Abstract thought - CORRECT ANSWER A) Egocentrism (Child can't view the world from the vantage point of someone else) Lawrence Kohlberg suggested... A) A single level of morality B) Two levels of morality C) Three levels of morality D) Preoperational thought as the basis for all morality - CORRECT ANSWER C) Three levels of morality (Preconventional, conventional and postconventional) The Heinz dilemma is to Kohberg's theory as A) a brick is to a house B) Freud is to Jung C) The menninger Clinic is to biofeedback D) A typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered - CORRECT ANSWER D) A typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered (Heinz dilemma used to assess moral development) The term 'identity crisis' comes from the work of... A) Counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients B) Erikson C) Adler D) Jung - CORRECT ANSWER B) Erikson (RS=religious and spiritual) (Erikson's stages were defined by crisis) Kohlber's three levels of morality are... A) Preconventional, conventional, postconventional B) Formal, preformal, self-accepted C) self-accepted, other directed, authority directed D) Preconventional, formal, authority directed - CORRECT ANSWER A) Preconventional, conventional, postconventional (Preconventional:child responds to consequences, conventional: individual wants to meet standards. Postconventional: concerned with universal, ethical principles) Trust vs. mistrust is... A) An Adlerian notion of morality B) Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development C) essentially equivalent to Piaget's concept of egocentrism D)The basis of morality according to Kohlberg - CORRECT ANSWER B) Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage... A) Generativity vs. Stagnation B) Initiative vs. Guilt C) Identity crisis D) integrity vs. Despair - CORRECT ANSWER D) Integrity vs. Despair In Kohlber's first or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by... A) psychosexual urges B) Consequences C) periodic fugue states D) Counterconditioning - CORRECT ANSWER B) Consequences Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by... A) Psychosexual urges B) A desire to live up to society's expectations C) A desire to confrom D) B and C - CORRECT ANSWER D) B and C Kohlber's highest level of morality is termed "postconventional morality'. Here the individual... A) must truly contend with psychosexual urges B) has the so-called "good boy/good girl" orientation C) has self-imposed morals and ethics D) a and b - CORRECT ANSWER C) has self-imposed morals and ethics According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles... A) Refers to the naive hedonism stage B) Operates on the premise that rewards guide morals C) a and b D) is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level - CORRECT ANSWER D) is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level (Hedonism occurs in preconventional level "If I'm nice others will be nice to me and I'll get what I want") Zone of proximal development... A) was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky B) was pioneered by Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg C) Emphasized organ inferiority D) a.b and c - CORRECT ANSWER A) was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky (Zone of proximal development describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher vs that which he/she is capable of with an instructor) Freud and Erikson... A) could be classified as behaviorists B) could be classified as maturationists C) agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual D) were prime movers in the dialectical behavior therapy or DBT movement - CORRECT ANSWER B) could be classified as maturationists (behavior is guided by hereditary factors by certain behaviors will not manifest until stimuli are present in environment) DBT - CORRECT ANSWER -Focuses on mindfulness -Created by Marsha M. Linehan -Useful for clients haboring feelings of self-harm, suicide and substance abuse John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist is mostly associated with... A) the work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Gesell, a maturationist B) developmental stage theories C) bonding and attachment D) the unconscious mind - CORRECT ANSWER C) bonding and attachment (Bowlby and bonding both start with 'b') Arnold Gesell - CORRECT ANSWER Pioneer for using one-way mirror for observing children In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur? A) Generativity vs. stagnation B) Integrity vs. despair C) a and b D) Erikson's stages do not address midlife issues - CORRECT ANSWER A) Generativity vs. stagnation (Need to face the fact that they have not yet achieved their goals) The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in the rhesus monkey is... A) Harry Harlow B) John Bowlby C) Lawrence Kohlberg D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER A) Harry Harlow (Monkeys were placed in isolation and developed autistic abnormal behavior) Believed that attachment was innate The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is... A) False B) True due to genetics C) True only in middle-aged men D) True according to research by Eleanor Macoby and Carol Jacklin - CORRECT ANSWER D) True according to research by Eleanor Macoby and Carol Jacklin The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is... A) actually the major theme in all of Erikson's eight stages B) generativity vs. stagnation C) Intimacy vs isolation D) a critical factor in which Erikson fails to mention - CORRECT ANSWER C) Intimacy vs. isolation We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his/her peers? A) a 19-year-old male college student B) a 23-year old male drummer in a rock band C) a 57-year old female stockbroker D) a 13-year old male middle school student - CORRECT ANSWER D) a 13-year old male middle school student (conformity peeks in early teens) In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys... A) a wire surrogate mother was favored by most young monkeys over a terry-cloth version B) the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate C) female monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol D) male monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol - CORRECT ANSWER B) a baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother (contact comfort is important to infant's attachment) Freud postulated the psychosexual stages: A) id, ego and superego B) oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital C) eros, thanatos, regression and superego D) manifest, latent, oral and phallic - CORRECT ANSWER B) oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital In adolescence.. A) females commit suicide more than males B) suicide is a concern but statistically very rare C) the teens who talk about suicide are not serious D) Males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often - CORRECT ANSWER D) males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often In the general U.S. population... A) the suicide rate is 2/100,000 B) suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts C) suicide rates tend to increase with age D) Suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts and suicide rates tend to increase with age - CORRECT ANSWER C) suicide rates tend to increase with age The fear of death... A) is greatest during middle age B) is an almost exclusively male phenomenon C) is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric years D) occurs in the teen years - CORRECT ANSWER A) is the greatest during middle age In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor... A) in the preconscious mind B) in the mind of the child in latency C) which evolves primarily during the oral age D) a and b - CORRECT ANSWER C) Evolves primarily during the oral stage (oral stage is the first psychosexual stage and attachment/bonding takes place early in life) When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general... A) girls grow up to smile more B) girls are using more feeling words by age 2 C) girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D) all of the above The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is... A) oral B) anal C) phallic D) latency - CORRECT ANSWER D) latency (latent=hidden. Sexual interests are replaced by sports, learning and hobbies. Occurs between ages 6-12) In terms of parenting young children A) boys are punished more than girls B) girls are punished more than boys C) boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion D) boys show more empathy towards others - CORRECT ANSWER A) boys are punished more than girls When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean... A) how much heredity or environment interact to influence development B) that the focus is skewed in favor of biological attributes C) a and b D) a theory proposed by B.F. Skinner's colleagues - CORRECT ANSWER A) how much heredity or environment interact to influence development Stage theorists assume... A) qualitative changes between stages occur B) Differences surely exist but usually can't be measured C) that humanistic psychology is the only model which truly supports the stage viewpoint D) b and c - CORRECT ANSWER A) qualitative changes occur between stages Development... A) begins at birth B) begins during the first trimester of pregnancy C) is a continuous process which begins at conception D) a and c - CORRECT ANSWER C) is a continuous process which begins at conception Development is cephalocaudal, which means... A) foot to head B) head to foot C) limbs receive the highest level of nourishment D) b and c - CORRECT ANSWER B) head to foot (head of the fetus develops earlier than the legs. Cephalocaudal refers to bodily proportions between head and tail) Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and... A) assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes B) assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes C) assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D) all of the above Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage... A) abstract thinking emerges B) problems can be solved using deduction C) a and b D) the child has mastered abstract thinking but still feels helpless - CORRECT ANSWER C) a and b (ages 11+) Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall into _______ levels..... A) 6; 3 B) 6;6 C) 3;6 D) 3;3 - CORRECT ANSWER A) 6;3 A person who lives by his/her individual conscience and universal ethical principles A) has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development B) is in the preconventional level C) is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles D) a and c - CORRECT ANSWER D) a and c Freud's Oedipus complex A) is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur B) occurs during the phallic stage C) a and b D) is a concept Freud ultimately eliminated from this theory - CORRECT ANSWER C) a and b In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as... A) systematic desensitization B) covert desensitization C) in vivo desensitization D) the Electra complex - CORRECT ANSWER D) the Electra complex The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is: A) oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital B) oral, anal, genital, phallic and latency C) oral, phallic, latency, genital and anal D) phallic, genital, latency and anal - CORRECT ANSWER A) oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing... A) Piaget's concept of conservation B) Erikson's trust vs mistrust paradigm C) Piaget's formal operations D) an apparatus known as a visual cliff - CORRECT ANSWER D) an apparatus known as a visual cliff Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as... A) Organismic theorists B) statistical developmentalists C) empiricists D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER C) empiricists -Scientists can only learn from objective facts -Empiricism comes from the Greek word meaning experience An empiricist view of development would be... A) psychometric B) behavioristic C) against the use of formal statistical testing D) a and c - CORRECT ANSWER B) behavioristic -the empiricist view is behavioristic In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers... A) showed marked borderline personality traits B) surprisingly enough became friendly C) demonstrated a distinct lack of emotion D) ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers - CORRECT ANSWER D) ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers -Harlow discovered that contact was even more important than food A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position? A) Behaviorism B) Organicism C) Statistical developmentalism D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER B) organicism In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the... A) Sensorimotor stage B) formal operational stage C) preoperational stage D) acquisition of conservation - CORRECT ANSWER A) Sensorimotor stage -Object permanence A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered... A) object permanence B) reflexive response C) representational thought D) a and c - CORRECT ANSWER A) object permanence -(a kid who is 8 months will search for an object that is no longer in sight) The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the... A) sensorimotor stage-birth 2 year B) preoperational stage- 2-7 years C) concrete operational stage -7-12 years D) Formal operational stage- 12 + years - CORRECT ANSWER A) Sensorimotor stage John Bowlby has asserted that... A) attachment is not instinctual B) attachment is best explained via the Skinnerian principle C) a and b D) conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood - CORRECT ANSWER D) conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathy can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood (remember, Bowlby and bonding both start with 'b') The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life... A) still developed in a normal fashion B) still related very well with animals reared normally C) appeared to be autistic D) were fixated in concrete operational thought patterns - CORRECT ANSWER C) appeared to be autistic -people with autism often have trouble communicating with others and forming close social bonds According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he/she may ________ a given psychosexual stage A) skip B) become fixated at C) ignore D) a and c - CORRECT ANSWER B) become fixated at -becomes stuck in a stage where he/she feels safe An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that... A) watching violence tends to make children more aggressive B) watching violence tends to make children less aggressive C) reality TV shows or videos have no impact on a child's behavior D) what adults see as violent, children perceive as caring - CORRECT ANSWER A) watching violence tends to make children more aggressive A counselor who utilizes the term 'instinctual' technically means... A) behavior results from unconscious aggression B) women will show the behavior to a higher degree than men C) a and b D) behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species - CORRECT ANSWER D) behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species -instincts are species-specific innate behaviors The word 'ethology', which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to... A) Piaget's famous case study methodology B) the study of animals' behaviors in their natural environment C) studies on monkeys raised in Skinnerian air cribs D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER B) the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment -used to try to explain behavior using Darwinian theory -research utilizing animals A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores the clown's other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of... A) ecocentrism B) centration C) formal abstract reasoning D) deductive processes - CORRECT ANSWER B) centration -occurs in preoperational stage -Inability to see world from anyone else's vantage point Piaget felt... A) that homework depresses the elementary child's IQ B) strongly that the implementation of Glasser's concepts in 'Schools Without Failure' should be made mandatory in all elementary settings C) that teachers should lecture a minimum of four hours daily D) that teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation - CORRECT ANSWER D) that teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation Piaget's preoperational stage... A) is the final stage, which includes abstract reasoning B) includes mastering conservation C) includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER C) includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema Sigmund Freud and Erikson agreed that... A) each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage B) developmental stages are primarily psychosexual C) developmental stages are primarily psychosocial D) a person can proceed to a higher stage even if a lower stage is unsolved - CORRECT ANSWER A) each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage The tendency for adult females in the U.S. to wear high heels is best explained by... A) the principle of negative reinforcement B) sex-role socialization C) Lorenz's studies on imprinting D) ethological data - CORRECT ANSWER B) sex-role socialization The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of... A) Freud B) Adler on birth order C) Erikson D) Bowlby - CORRECT ANSWER D) Bowlby -felt that if the child was unable to bond with an adult by age 3, he/she would be incapable of having normal social relationships as an adult A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that... A) in general, boys possess better verbal skills than girls B) in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys C) in general, boys have better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls D) b and c - CORRECT ANSWER D) b and c Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is... A) the primal scene B) preconscious psychic processes C) sibling rivalry D) BASIC-ID - CORRECT ANSWER C) sibling rivalry A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to... A) Jung's concepts of anima/us B) Freud's wish fulfillment C) Piaget's preoperational period (ages 2-7) D) ego identity - CORRECT ANSWER C) Piaget's preoperational period (ages 2-7 years) Elementary school counseling and guidance services... A) have been popular since the early 1900s B) became popular during WWII C) are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s D) none of the above - CORRECT ANSWER C) are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that... A) counselors of this ilk work hard, but just don't seem to have an impact on youngsters' lives B) these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed C) counselors of this ilk could be helpful if they would engage in more consultation work D) these counselors should be used primarily as disciplinarians, but this is not happening in most districts - CORRECT ANSWER B) these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson... A) Erikson's generativity vs. stagnation stage does not exist B) 80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises C) an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes D) b and c - CORRECT ANSWER D) b and c Erikson's middle-age stage (age 35-60) is known as generativity vs. stagnation. Generativity refers to... A) the ability to do creative work or raise a family B) the opposite of stagnation C) the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D) all of the above A person who can look back on his/her life with few regrets feels A) the burden of senile psychosis B) ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity vs. despair stage C) despair, which is in the sense that he/she has wasted life's precious opportunities D) the burden of generalized anxiety disorder - CORRECT ANSWER B) ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity vs. despair stage Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as ___________ is to Erikson A) Integrity vs. Despair B) Kohlberg C) Trust vs. Mistrust D) play therapy - CORRECT ANSWER C) trust vs. mistrust Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation? A) A. Lazarus B) H. Harlow C) J. Wolpe D) A. Ellis - CORRECT ANSWER B) J. Harlow -Best known for his work with rhesus monkeys -Surrogate mothers made from terry cloth and others made of wood and wire When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client A) has "learned helplessness" syndrome B) Suffers from a phobia C) Suffers from a fixation D) is displaying the risky shift phenomenon - CORRECT ANSWER C) Suffers from a fixation True of False: Phobia is often distinguished from anxiety - CORRECT ANSWER True -In anxiety, the client is unaware of the source of the fear Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the: A) superego B) ego C) id D) eros - CORRECT ANSWER A) superego Which theorists would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency? A) Carl Rogers B) B.F. Skinner C) Frank Parsons, the father of guidance D) Konrad Lorenz - CORRECT ANSWER D) Konrad Lorenz -Claims that we are naturally aggressive like the wolf or baboon _______________ is the father of guidance - CORRECT ANSWER Frank Parsons The statement "bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not" is most closely associated with: A) Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level B) Kohlberg's conventional level C) the work of Carl Jung D) Piaget's autonomous stage, which begins at age 8 - CORRECT ANSWER A) Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level A critical period: A) makes imprinting possible B) emphasizes manifest dream content C) signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all D) a and c - CORRECT ANSWER D) a and c - a critical period is a time when an organism is susceptible to developmental process (2-14 years) Imprinting--rapid learning during a critical period of development--is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by: A) Erik Erikson B) Milton H. Erickson C) Konrad Lorenz D) Harry Harlow - CORRECT ANSWER C) Konrad Lorenz Marital satisfaction A) is usually highest when a child is old enough to leave home B) often decreases when parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home C) correlates high with performance IQ D) is highest among couples who have seven or more college-educated children - CORRECT ANSWER B) often decreases in parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his "hierarchy of needs," which postulates: A) lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization B) that psychopathology rests within the id C) that unconscious drives control self-actualization D) that stimulus-response (S-R) psychology dictates behavioral attributes - CORRECT ANSWER A) lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow: A) used goslings as did Konrad Lorenz B) psychoanalyzed over 400 neurotics C) worked exclusively with schizophrenics in residential settings D) interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average" - CORRECT ANSWER D) interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average" Piaget is: A) a maturationist B) a behaviorist C) a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative D) cognitive-behavior - CORRECT ANSWER C) a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative -each stage is a way of making sense out of the world ______________ factors cause Down syndrome, the most common type known as trisomy 21: A) Environmental B) Genetic (conditions passed through genes) C) Chemical dependency D) Unconscious - CORRECT ANSWER B) Genetic -other genetic conditions include: phenlyketonuria (PKU), Klinefelter's syndrome, Turner's syndrome, Hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, and sickle cell disease (SCD) Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called: A) counterbalancing B) equilibration C) balance theory D) ABA design - CORRECT ANSWER B) equilibration There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists: A) conduct therapy in the here and now B) focus primarily on nonverbal behavior C) believe group work is most effective D) allow clients to work through early conflicts - CORRECT ANSWER D) allow clients to work through early conflicts -psychoanalysts and psychodynamic therapists fall into this category Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as: A) hysteria B) pica C) fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli D) dysfunctional repetition - CORRECT ANSWER C) fixed-action patterns (FAP) elicited by sign stimuli Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which: A) the client is urges to relive a traumatic experience in an encounter group B) biofeedback training is highly recommended C) the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction D) the activity of meaning making is discouraged - CORRECT ANSWER C) the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction Most experts in the field of counseling agree that: A) no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories B) Eriksonian theory should be used by counselors practicing virtually any modality C) a counselor who incorporates Piaget's stages into his or her thinking would not necessarily need knowledge of rival therapeutic viewpoints D) a realistic counselor needs to pick one developmental theory in the same manner that he/she picks a psychotherapeutic persuasion - CORRECT ANSWER A) no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories Equilibration is: A) a term which emphasizes the equality between the sexes B) performed via the id according to the Freudians C) a synonym for the concrete operational thought D) the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation) - CORRECT ANSWER The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation) A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor ideally focus on: A) Maslow's higher-order needs, such as self-actualization B) building accurate empathy of family members C) Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs D) the identified patient - CORRECT ANSWER C) Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs The anal retentive personality is: A) charitable B) stingy C) kind D) thinks very little about money matters - CORRECT ANSWER B) stingy -anal retentive character is said to be cheap From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be: A) considered an oral character B) considered an anal character C) considered a genital character D) fixated at the latency stage - CORRECT ANSWER A) considered an oral character Stages of group counseling - CORRECT ANSWER initial stage, forming stage, transition/conflict/storming stage, working/action stage and termination/adjourning stage Group leadership style: Autocratic or authoritarian - CORRECT ANSWER Advocates decision making for members Group leadership style: Laissez faire - CORRECT ANSWER Leader has little involvement Group leadership style: Democratic approach - CORRECT ANSWER allows input from members, including input into the decisions made Group leadership style: Speculative leaders - CORRECT ANSWER rely on their personal power to move group in a desirable direction Group leadership styles: confrontive leadership style - CORRECT ANSWER facilitator reveals the impact that their behavior has on themselves as well as the impact that other group members have on them Types of groups: psychoeducational - CORRECT ANSWER provides group members with information relevant to their situation Types of groups: counseling - CORRECT ANSWER focus on conscious issues related to personal growth and development Types of groups: group therapy - CORRECT ANSWER can focus on unconscious material, the past, and personality change Types of groups: T-groups - CORRECT ANSWER training groups: are often intended for business or personal motivation Types of groups: structured groups - CORRECT ANSWER Centered around certain issues, such as shyness or how to prepare for a job interview Types of groups: self-help groups - CORRECT ANSWER not led by a professional -AA models or 12-step groups Trait-and-factor theory - CORRECT ANSWER Occupational decision making occurs when: A person has an accurate understanding of their traits (aptitudes, interests, personal abilities) Anne Roe - CORRECT ANSWER -Jobs meet our needs determined by our childhood satisfactions and frustrations -divided career fields into 8 categories and 6 levels Categories: arts/entertainment, general, technology, outdoor, science, business, organizations, and services industry -Levels- requiring most to least experience and knowledge: professional & managerial, semi-professional, skilled worker, semi-skilled worker, unskilled worker Prior to the 1960s most counseling took place: A) in a group setting B) with the entire family present C) in a dyadic relationship D) in behavior therapy clinics - CORRECT ANSWER C) in a dyadic relationship -dyad: unit of two functioning as a pair A group has: A) a membership which can be defined B) some degree of unity and interaction C) a shared purpose D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D) all of the above True or False: Meta-analysis research indicates that individual counseling still generally produces better results for depressed clients - CORRECT ANSWER True The term 'group therapy' was coined in 1931 by: A) Frank Parsons, the father of guidance (also referred to as vocational guidance) B) Jacob Moreno, the father of psychodrama C) E.G. Williamson, associated with the Minnesota Viewpoint D) Fritz Perls, the father of gestalt therapy - CORRECT ANSWER B) Jacob Moreno, the father of psychodrama -Moreno's Theatre of Spontaneity (improvisation and drama as healing forces) The first mutual aid, self-help group is _________ - CORRECT ANSWER AA (Alcoholics Anonymous) Noted psychotherapy author and scholar Raymond Corsini once referred to the early 1940s as the 'modern era' of group work. In the 1940s the two organizations for group therapy were created and group work became a legitimate specialty. The groups are: A) NASW and NBCC B) AGSW and AAS C) the American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP) spawned by the work of Jacob Moreno in 1942 and the American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) which resulted from the effort of Samuel Richard Slavson in 1943 D) AACD and APA - CORRECT ANSWER C) the American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP) spawned by the work of Jacob Moreno in 1942 and the American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) which resulted from the effort of Samuel Richard Slavson in 1943 Which theoriest's work has been classified as a preface to the group movement? A) Sigmund Freud B) C.G. Jung C) Alfred Adler and Jesse B. Davis D) Marsha Linehan, who created dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), originally used to deal with suicidal behaviors - CORRECT ANSWER C) Alfred Adler and Jesse B. Davis -Jesse B. Davis pioneered school guidance and became America's first school guidance counselor Primary groups are: A) preventative and attempt to ward off problems B) always follow a person-centered paradigm C) generally utilized for long-term psychotherapy D) always focused on the client's childhood - CORRECT ANSWER A) preventative and attempt to ward off problems -secondary group problems are present but not severe -tertiary group deals with more serious difficulties A group is classified as secondary. That implies that: A) it is preventive and attempts to ward off problems B) a difficulty or disturbance is present C) two therapists are utilized D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER B) a difficulty or disturbance is present Group norms: A) exist only in encounter groups B) exist only in career counseling groups C) are not related to group cohesiveness D) govern acceptable behavior and group rules - CORRECT ANSWER D) govern acceptable behavior and group norms -Norms=expected behaviors Group therapy initially flourished in the United States due to: A) Freud's lectures in this country B) a shortage of competent career counselors C) a shortage of individual therapists during WWII D) pressure from nondirective therapists pushing encounter groups - CORRECT ANSWER C) a shortage of individual therapists during WWII Group content refers to material discussed in a group setting. Group process refers to: A) analysis of the unconscious B) analysis of the ego C) the T-group paradigm D) the manner in which discussions and transactions occur - CORRECT ANSWER D) the manner in which discussions and transactions occur -group content refers to what the group is discussing -group process refers to analyzing the communications, interactions and transactions Group cohesiveness refers to: A) forces which tend to bind group members together B) an analysis of group content C) a common coleadership style D) a style of leadership - CORRECT ANSWER A) forces which tend to bind group members together Some theorists feel that group therapy differs from group counseling (which is also called interpersonal problem-solving group) in that: A) group counseling would be of longer duration B) group therapy, also dubbed as a personality reconstruction group, would be of longer duration C) group counseling requires more training D) group therapy addresses a less-disturbed population of clients - CORRECT ANSWER B) group therapy, also dubbed as personality reconstruction group, would be of longer duration -psychoeducation group has replaced the term guidance group since guidance group is associated with negative practices such as excessive advice giving Most experts would agree that overall: A) structured exercises are more effective than unstructured techniques B) structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques C) all well-trained therapists favor structured exercises over unstructured techniques D) ethical guidelines must forbid unstructured techniques because they can be dangerous to the depressed or anxious client - CORRECT ANSWER B) structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques -Yalom pointed out that structured exercises can create a situation where group stages are passed over One advantage of group work is that a counselor can see more clients in a given period of time. One disadvantage is that a counselor can be too focused on group processes and: A) individual issues are not properly examined B) the group becomes too behavioristic C) a and b D) the group focuses too much on content - CORRECT ANSWER A) individual issues are not properly examined According to the risky shift phenomenon, a group decision will: A) be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion B) be more conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion C) often be aggressive or illegal D) violate the group's confidentiality norms - CORRECT ANSWER A) be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion -risky shift phenomenon (group decisions tend to be more risky) T-groups often stress ways employees can express themselves in an effective manner. The "T" in T-groups merely stands for: A) techniques B) taxonomy C) training D) testing - CORRECT ANSWER C) training A counselor suggests that her client join an assertiveness training group. Most assertiveness training groups are: A) unstructured B) psychodynamic or person-centered C) focused heavily on existential concerns D) behavioristic and highly structured - CORRECT ANSWER D) behavioristic and highly structured -behavioral groups tend to be highly structured Weight Watchers is a : A) T-group, also called a training group B) self-help or support group, as is AA C) psychotherapy group D) marathon group - CORRECT ANSWER B) self-help or support group, as is AA -self help groups attempt to cope with a given issue -support groups are conducted by organizations and might charge fees -self help groups are typically not run by organizations The ACA and the ASGW division recommend screening for potential group members: A) for all groups B) only when the group is in a hospital inpatient setting C) only when the group is composed of minors D) only if the groups deals with chemical dependency - CORRECT ANSWER A) for all groups A counselor is conducting a screening for clients who wish to participate in a counseling group which will meet Tuesday nights at his private practice office. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member? A) a shy librarian B) an anxious salesman with no group experience C) an extremely hostile and belligerent construction worker D) a student with 16 hours toward her M.Ed in counseling - CORRECT ANSWER C) an extremely hostile and belligerent construction worker A counselor is screening clients for a new group at the college counseling center. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member? A) a first-year student who is suicidal and sociopathic B) a second-year student who stutters C) a graduate student with a facial tic D) a fourth-year student with OCD tendencies - CORRECT ANSWER A) a first-year student who is suicidal and sociopathic A screening for group members can be done in a group or privately. Although private screening interviews are not as cost effective or as time efficient as group screening, many leaders feel that private screening sessions are superior: A) because they intensify transference B) because they encourage catharsis C) because they intensify abreaction D) in terms of counselor-client interaction - CORRECT ANSWER D) in terms of counselor-client interaction Most experts in the field of group counseling would agree that the most important trait for group members is the ability: A) to open up B) to listen C) to trust D) to convey empathy - CORRECT ANSWER C) to trust Groups can be open or closed. The two differ in that: A) open groups are limited to hospital settings B) in an open group, members can socialize between group meetings C) closed groups always employ coleaders D) closed groups allow no new members after the group begins - CORRECT ANSWER D) closed groups allow no new members after the group begins One major advantage of a closed group vs an open group is: A) cost effectiveness B) it promotes cohesiveness C) it lessens counselor burnout D) it allows the members to meet less frequently - CORRECT ANSWER B) it promotes cohesiveness One major disadvantage of a closed group vs an open group is that: A) if everyone quits, you will be left with no group members B) closed groups cannot provide depth therapy C) it promotes paranoid feelings in group memebers D) closed groups are much less structured - CORRECT ANSWER A) if everyone quits, you will be left with no group members The number of people in an open group is generally: A) more stable than in a closed group B) much smaller after an extended period of time than in a closed group C) significantly larger than in a closed group D) more dependent on the group leader's marketing skills than in a closed group - CORRECT ANSWER A) more stable than in a closed group One distinct disadvantage of an open group is that: A) new members are not accepted after the first meeting B) the leader does not control the screening process C) a member who begins after the first meeting has missed information or experiences D) the group is generally too behavioristic for depth therapy to occur - CORRECT ANSWER C) a member who begins after the first meeting has missed information or experiences When a group member is speaking, it is best for the counselor to: A) try to face the group member B) not face the group member, as this does not appear genuine in a group setting C) smile while listening D) suppress genuine emotion - CORRECT ANSWER A) try to face the group member A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that: A) an African American client and a white leader would sit close together B) a Latino/a client and an African American leader would sit close together C) an Asian American client and an African American leader would sit close together D) an Asian American leader and an Asian American client would sit close together - CORRECT ANSWER D) an Asian American leader and an Asian American client would sit close together A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that: A) a male client in a designer suit and a female client in cutoff jeans will sit close together B) a Cuban male client in a designer suit and an Asian male client in another brand of designer suit will sit close together C) a white female client in a designer outfit and a white male client in a pair of old jeans and an undershirt will sit close together D) a male client in a designer suit and a female client in a jogging suit and old tennis shoes with holes in them will sit close together - CORRECT ANSWER B) a Cuban male client in a designer suit and an Asian male client in another brand of designer suit will sit close together -some evidence points out that social class means more than race in terms of group seating Which statement made by a doctoral-level counselor is illustrative of a leader focused on process rather than product? A) "Jim seems more relaxed today" B) "Sally seems a bit self-critical this evening" C) "I hear a lot of sadness in Betty's voice" D) "You wince whenever Jane raises her voice" - CORRECT ANSWER D) "You wince whenever Jane raises her voice" -process=manner in which communication transpires Which statement by a group leader in a residential center for adolescents focuses on product rather than process? A) "Ken has not stolen for a week and thus eligible for supplementary tokens" B) "Karen looks down when Bill discusses relationships" C) "It sounds like there is a deep sense of hurt" D) "Oh, so you fold your arms and sort of close up when Carey mentions the angry side of your personality" - CORRECT ANSWER A) "Karen has not stolen for a week and thus is eligible for supplementary tokens" Groups promote the concept of universality, which suggests that: A) we are unique and so are our problems B) there is a universal way to solve nearly any difficulty C) a and b D) we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem - CORRECT ANSWER D) we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem -exam might substitute 'mutuality' for 'universality' In the late 1930s researchers identified three basic leadership styles: A) directive, nondirective, and semi-passive B) autocratic, democratic and laissez faire C) relaxed, anxious and tense D) assertive, nonassertive and aggressive - CORRECT ANSWER B) autocratic, democratic and laissez faire The autocratic or authoritarian leader may give orders to the group, while the laissez faire leader: A) assigns a group member as the authoritarian B) has a hands-off policy and participates very little, with the group basically taking responsibility for itself C) has the most desirable style of leadership D) nearly always run open-ended groups - CORRECT ANSWER B) has a hands-off policy and participates very little, with the group basically taking responsibility for itself When comparing the autocratic, democratic and laissez fair styles: A) the autocratic is the most desirable B) the laissez faire is the most desirable C) the democratic, or what Sam Gladding called a facilitator, is the most desirable D) there is no discernible difference in effectiveness - CORRECT ANSWER C) the democratic, or what Sam Gladding called the facilitator, is the most desirable A group with more than one leader is said to utilize coleaders. Coleadership is desirable because: A) the group can go on even if one leader is absent B) two leaders can focus on group dynamics better than one leader since two individuals will have better observational skills C) leaders can process their feelings between sessions D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D) all of the above Coleadership A) reduces burnout and helps ensure safety B) increases burnout C) has no impact on burnout D) should not be used for open groups - CORRECT ANSWER A) reduces burnout and helps ensure safety Coleadership: A) is helpful when one leader is experiencing counter-transference B) exacerbates the harm of counter-transference C) has no impact on the issue of counter-transference D) eliminates all difficulties associated with counter-transference - CORRECT ANSWER A) is helpful when one leader is experiencing counter-transference -transference=client's issue -countertransference= helper has issues that are interfering with the treatment process Coleadership, also referred to as cofacilitation, can be a disadvantage when: A) leaders are working against each other; this can fragment the group B) leaders are intimate with each other C) leaders question each other's competence D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D) all of the above Coleaders are apt to work at cross purposes when: A) they do not meet between group sessions B) they do meet between group sessions C) they are master's-level practitioners D) they are doctoral-level practitioners - CORRECT ANSWER A) they do not meet between group sessions Gerald Corey, who has written extensively on group therapy, believes _________ is necessary for an effective group leader: A) a master's degree in guidance and counseling B) a doctorate in counselor education C) participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader's group D) three credit hours in a graduate course in group therapy - CORRECT ANSWER C) participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader's group Most experts would agree that an effective adult counseling group has ________ members: A) 9-12 B) 3-5 C) 11-16 D) 5-8 - CORRECT ANSWER D) 5-8 Most experts would agree that an effective counseling group for children has: A) more members than an adult group B) less members than an adult group C) at least two group leaders D) 9-12 members - CORRECT ANSWER B) less members than an adult group Although the length of group counseling sessions will vary, most experts would agree that ________ is plenty of time even when critical issues are being examined: A) three hours per session B) one hour per session C) six hours per session D) two hours per session - CORRECT ANSWER D) two hours per session In terms of group risks: A) an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client B) an ethical leader should never discuss risks with a client C) research has demonstrated that the less said about them, the better the group will interact D) an ethical leader allows the group to discover risks and work through them at their own pace - CORRECT ANSWER A) an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client An adept group leader will: A) attempt to safeguard clients against risks B) work to reduce risks and dangers C) a and b D) let the group handle the dangers on their own - CORRECT ANSWER C) a and b A group participant wants to drop out of a group. Since the group is "closed" most experts would agree that: A) the leader must insist that the client stay B) the client is allowed to withdraw C) the leader should allow other members to put pressure on the participant to stay D) a and c - CORRECT ANSWER B) the client is allowed to withdraw During the initial session of a group the leader explains that no smoking and no cursing will be permitted. This is known as: A) setting ground rules B) ambivalent transference C) blocking D) scapegoating - CORRECT ANSWER A) setting ground rules Group norms refer to: A) a statistically normal group composed of 8-12 members B) a statistically normal group composed of 12-14 members C) a normal group with no cultural differences D) the range of acceptable behavior within the group - CORRECT ANSWER D) the range of acceptable behavior within the group The study of group operations is often called: A) group desensitization B) the hot seat technique C) group dynamics D) structuring the group - CORRECT ANSWER C) group dynamics The word 'dynamic' means the group is: A) normal B) always changing C) static D) defined in an operational manner - CORRECT ANSWER B) always changing A group leader who utilizes an abundance of group exercises is: A) probably not running an assertiveness training group B) is running an unstructured group C) is running a structured group D) is invariably running a self-help group - CORRECT ANSWER C) is running a structured group Some theorists object to the word 'unstructured' in group work because: A) a group cannot not have structure B) only structured groups are effective C) unstructured groups are hardly therapeutic D) unstructured refers only to counseling and not to therapy groups - CORRECT ANSWER A) a group cannot not have structure Some research demonstrates: A) structured exercises early in the group impaired later communication between group members B) structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members C) autocratic and authoritarian leadership styles promote communication best D) structured exercises are never appropriate - CORRECT ANSWER B) structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members In some literature, group cohesiveness, or "we-ness" is known as: A) group unity B) a sociogram C) Karpman's triangle D) the transition stage - CORRECT ANSWER A) group unity Group members assume roles within a group. Which of the following is not a group role? A) Energizer B) Scapegoat C) Gatekeeper D) Reactive schizophrenia - CORRECT ANSWER D) Reactive schizophrenia A group member who insists on asking other members inappropriate questions is known as a Peeping Tom or.... A) an energizer B) a scapegoat C) an interrogator D) a follower - CORRECT ANSWER C) an interrogator The follower goes along with whatever the rest of the group thinks. From a personality standpoint the follower is: A) aggressive B) assertive C) practicing excitation D) nonassertive - CORRECT ANSWER D) nonassertive The ________ may secretly wish that he/she was running the group: A) follower B) gatekeeper C) social isolate D) harmonizer - CORRECT ANSWER B) gatekeeper Everybody picks on: A) the gatekeeper B) the harmonizer, also known as the conciliator C) the scapegoat D) the storyteller, the intellectualizer, the attacker and the joker - CORRECT ANSWER C) the scapegoat A female group member is obviously not participating. A group member playing the _______ is most likely to mention this and urge her to participate: A) gatekeeper B) interrogator C) scapegoat D) storyteller - CORRECT ANSWER A) gatekeeper Cohesiveness, or group unity, is desirable. It promotes bonding and a sense of "we-ness" between group members. When cohesiveness is strong, nevertheless, it also can be negative as: A) it can stunt creativity B) it can boost conformity C) a and b D) it can cause the group to split into factions - CORRECT ANSWER C) a and b In a healthy group, members... A) assume a role and never change it B) have no roles C) are flexible and can change roles D) Spend a great deal of time practicing role reversal - CORRECT ANSWER C) are flexible and can change roles In a group, task roles... A) help solve problems B) aid in terms of goal setting and keep the group focused C) are seen as positive D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D) all of the above Maintenance roles, like task roles, are positive since such roles... A) help to maintain the group B) are self-serving C) help promote autocratic leadership D) always stress the importance of the here and now - CORRECT ANSWER A) help to maintain the group Self-serving or individual roles are negative inasmuch as... A) they promote democratic leadership B) they work against the group C) they serve the individual and not the group D) b and c - CORRECT ANSWER D) b and c Although task roles and maintenance roles are indeed positive, the group can suffer if the group is not flexible and remains in one or the other role too long since... A) an effective group needs some self-serving roles B) if a group gets stuck in task roles, interaction suffers C) if a group gets stuck in maintenance roles, little work will be accomplished D) b and c - CORRECT ANSWER D) b and c Group specialists define role conflict as... A) tension between two group members who have assumed different roles B) a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he/she actually behaves C) tension between the group leader and a group member D) members criticizing other members between group sessions - CORRECT ANSWER B) a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he/she actually behaves A major group dynamic is group development. This is usually expressed in terms of... A) the number of hours of group conflict B) theories of group stages C) the Rosenthal effect D) the Hawthorne effect - CORRECT ANSWER B) the theories of group stages Irvin Yalom is a famous existentialist therapist and a pioneer in the group movement. He suggested these four group stages: orientation, conflict, cohesion, and termination. In 1966 Tuckman and Jensen reviewed 25 years of research and came up with five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Which stage in Tuckman and Jensen's paradigm is similar to Yalom's orientation stage? - CORRECT ANSWER A) Forming The final stage suggested by theories of group stages generally deals with issues of: A) group tasks B) transition C) power and control D) separation and termination - CORRECT ANSWER D) separation and termination The initial group stage has been called forming, orientation or the preaffiliation stage. This stage is characterized by... A) avoidance-avoidance conflicts B) a tendency for members to compete with the leader for power C) approach-avoidance behavior D) members working on the interpretation of the unconscious behavior - CORRECT ANSWER C) approach-avoidance behavior A client would generally feel the most suspicious of others in... A) the final stage of separation or termination B) the intimacy stage C) the group formation/exploratory stage D) a group with coleadership, also known as cofacilitation - CORRECT ANSWER C) the group formation/exploratory stage Fights between subgroups and members showing rebellion against the leader generally occurs in... A) the second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage B) the first stage known as the orientation stage or formation stage C) the separation stage D) the intimacy stage - CORRECT ANSWER A) the second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage A hierarchy, or pecking order, among members occurs in... A) the stage of storming, also known as the power-control stage B) the orientation stage C) the separation stage D) the intimacy stage - CORRECT ANSWER A) the stage of storming Group planning occurs... A) in the initial stage B) in the stage after the transition or conflict stage C) in the final stage, also known as the termination stage D) before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group - CORRECT ANSWER D) before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group