CBMT Exam Music Therapy Boards Questions and Answers 2023, Graded A+

CBMT Exam Music Therapy Boards Questions and Answers 2023, Graded A+ Psychodynamic Approach -Human behavior is based on unconscious psychological processes (impulses, desires, motives) -Early childhood events Eclectic Approach -Draw freely from all approaches without accepting the frameworks behind them -Goal: more efficient treatment Behavioral Approach -Meant to change behavior -Classical/operant conditioning -ABA: applied behavioral analysis (autism) -Positive/negative reinforcement -Punishment and Reward Episodic Memory long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place that can be stated Semantic Memory Common knowledge, not from personal experience Working Memory Short/temporary while performing task/learning Procedural Memory Long-term memory of how to perform different tasks without consciously thinking about previous experience Explicit Memory Intentional recollection of long-term memory Implicit Memory Long-term unconscious memory Reframing Identifying thoughts and changing the way they're viewed Experimental Group Design Employ scientific methods to test a hypothesis and control experimental variables in a controlled manner Locus of Control the tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives Internal Locus -Control your own fate -Effort has direct impact on success External Locus -No control of own fate -Luck or fate -No connection between effort and success Assimilation -Jean Piaget -Incorporating new ideas into existing ideas Accommodation -Jean Piaget -Concepts/schema are modified or new ones created to accommodate new knowledge -Relates to how young children integrate new info with things they already know to gain a better understanding of concepts and other knowledge Stereotypic Behavior -Variety of behaviors typical in individuals who have autism, blindness, etc. -Ex: flapping hands, swaying side to side, etc. Early Intervening -Included in 2004 reauthorization of IDEA -Allows/encourages schools to provide intervention to struggling services, even before they've been identified as special education Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) -Form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques (in small steps) to mold a desired behavior or response -Prompting and reinforcements gradually decrease -Used commonly with autism, but is used with other disorders too Manifestation Determination -Student's inappropriate behavior is not a result, or manifestation, of his or her disability -Usually determined in a hearing and is required when a student's behavior violates school rules and before the school can undertake disciplinary action that might result in a student's suspension from school. Secondary Gains Unexpected/unplanned outcomes over the course of therapy Flat Affect No facial expression of emotion Sensory Impairments -Affects sensual contact with environment -Stops normal works of muscular receptions -Seeing, touching, moving, tasting Physical Therapy/Physiotherapy -Rehabilitative treatment of physical impairment/challenge -Massage, hydrotherapy, heat, and exercise. Physical Challenges/Impairment Conditions that affect the ability of the body to perform normal functions Developmental Disability -Originates prior to 18 years -Indefinitely continuing handicap -Ex: autism, intellectual, CP, epilepsy, severe learning disabilities Forensic Psychiatry -Devoted to legal problems and infractions of law -Primarily criminal Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 Civil rights law for people with disabilities to protect them from discrimination in a wide range of activities IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) 1991 - Any student with a disability has the right to treatment and free, appropriate education in the least restrictive environment Case Study -Examinations of patients undergoing treatment, reporting progress of single case/group overtime FAPE Law -Component of IDEA - Free and appropriate public education -special education/related services designed to meet the individual needs of each student at no cost IEP -IDEA requires an IEP be developed by a team for each student receiving special education services IFSP - Individual Family Service Plan -Like IEP but broader - for children under 3 and their families -Specifies services and resources to be provided to the entire family Inclusion -Education of students with disabilities with same-age peers without disabilities -Taught in general education classroom with medications and services provided in that setting Related Services -Transportation and development, corrective and other support services that are required by a child with special needs in order for them to benefit from education. -Ex: speech, PT, OT, MT, interpreters for those with hearing impairments, medical services for diagnostic and evaluation purposes and assistive technology devices and services. Base Line Treatment Design -Compares behavior under conditions of no treatment and treatment of some kind Goal Expected therapeutic outcome; purpose/direction of therapy Objective Expected therapeutic outcome of therapy - define goal in clearly observable/measurable behaviors - SMART Objectives Ecological Assessment -Assessment of the child's environment -True and complete picture of the child's ability and needs Target Behavior Behavior(s) for the focus of therapy, identified in the goals and objectives Termination Final stage of therapy - evaluation of progress, plan for phase out/end, recommendations for future, and follow up plan Individual Transition Coach -IDEA requires that, no later than 16, each IEP should contain statement of needed transition services -Must contain statement of linkages and responsibilities for each appropriate agency for providing the services -Intent is to have plan in place to facilitate a successful transition from school to community Positive Behavioral Support -Use methods and techniques that support desirable/appropriate behavior rather than punishing undesirable behavior -Determine what reinforcers promote the appropriate behavior and then using reinforcers to engage student in the behavior Generalization When a skill learned in one setting is transferred to other settings outside of therapy Zone of Proximal Development Vygotsky - the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction Behavior Modification -Focuses on control of environmental events, particularly consequences -Reinforcement, punishment, modeling, guided practice, self-management, anything to strengthen/weaken identified behavior -Assumption that behavior is predictable, observable, and measurable