Exam (elaborations)
ESB TEST 2
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Exam of 6 pages for the course ESB at ESB (ESB TEST 2)
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ESB TEST 2Research ProcessAnswer - Question, design, findings, publishing
True ExperimentAnswer - designs in which the researcher manipulates ALL
independent variables; total control over who's in what group
Quasi Experimental DesignAnswer - designs in which random assignments cannot
be used
Quasi Independent VariablesAnswer - variables treated as if they were independent
variables in the experimental design even though the researchers did not manipulate
them
Self ReportsAnswer - any measurement technique that directly asks a participant
how they think/feel
Advantages of Self ReportAnswer - inexpensive, easily administered, firsthand info
from the source
Disadvantages of Self ReportAnswer - social desirability concerns, potential demand
characteristics (wanting a specific result like on buzzfeed quiz), possible
retrospective bias
Behavioral MeasureAnswer - a measure of a participant's actions in a research
design, must be able to operationally define and measure participants' behavior
(Behavioral trace/observation/choice)
Raw ScoreAnswer - the actual score; trace score + error
True ScoreAnswer - what your score would be if the test was a perfect measure of
that attribute and uninfluenced by any extraneous factors
ErrorAnswer - extraneous influences that will cause the raw score to deviate from the
true score; (random error + bias)/systematic error
Random ErrorAnswer - variation from the measure's true score due to unsystematic
or chance factors, present if you get different results when the same measure was
used multiple times
Systematic ErrorAnswer - aka bias, error that consistently pushes scores in a given
direction, worse than random error bc leads to inaccurate conclusions
Strategies for Minimizing ErrorAnswer - standardization of experiments, reduce
scorer biases
Observer/Scorer BiasAnswer - misinterpreting an observation based on the
researcher's existing beliefs, previous experiences, expectations, etc
Ceiling EffectAnswer - occurs when the upper boundary of a measurement tool is set
too low, leading everyone to select the highest response
, ESB TEST 2
Floor EffectAnswer - occurs when the lower boundary of a measurement tool is set
too high, leading everyone to select the lowest response
ReliabilityAnswer - stability or consistency of a measure
ValidityAnswer - the degree to which a tool measures what it claims to; to be valid, a
measure must first be reliable
PopulationAnswer - the entire group of interest in a research study from which a
sample is drawn
SampleAnswer - a subset of the population from which the researcher collects data
Sampling PlanAnswer - explicit strategy used for recruiting participants from the
population; goal is to represent the population you are sampling
Probability Sampling MethodAnswer - everyone in the population of interest has an
equal chance of being recruited
Simple Random SamplingAnswer - participants are randomly selected from the
population
Strata Random SamplingAnswer - subset is randomly selected from various
subpopulations or categories
Cluster Random SamplingAnswer - dividing the total population into groups and
randomly selecting which groups participate
Non Probability SamplingAnswer - everyone in a population of interest does NOT get
an equal chance of being recruited, creates bias
Convenience SamplingAnswer - nonrandom selection of participants readily
available to the researcher
Quota SamplingAnswer - freely choosing any participant as long as they meet an
established quota
Purposive SamplingAnswer - sample chosen based on who the researcher thinks
would be appropriate for the study
Snowball SamplingAnswer - existing study participants recruit future participants
from among their acquaintances
Non Responsive BiasAnswer - a potential systematic difference between those who
refused to participate in a study and those who did, difficult to determine
nature/extent
Volunteer Subject ProblemAnswer - those who volunteer to participate may be
characteristically different from those who choose not to participate
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