170 pages of written notes from the open stax textbook (psychology 2e) covering all the learned content of chapters/figures 1-15 (excluding chapters/figures 10 & 14). This document also contains notes that were taken during the professor's lectures.
FINAL
EXAM
REVIEW
CHAPTER
9
-
LIFESPAN
DEVELOPMENT
9.1
SUMMARY
-
What
is
Lifespan
Development
-
Explores
how
we
grow
from
conception
to
death
-
Process
that
can
be
studied
scientifically
across
3
developmental
domains
-
1.
physical
-
2.
cognitive
-
3.
Psychosocial
-
Issues
-
Continuous
vs
discontinuous
-
Does
development
follow
one
course
or
many
-
Nature
vs
nurture
9.2
SUMMARY
-
Lifespan
Theories
-
Freud
-
Psychosexual
stages
→
energy
is
focused
on
certain
erogenous
zones
of
the
body
during
different
stages
-
Erikson
-
Modified
Freud’s
ideas
-
Psychosocial
stages
-
Trust
vs
mistrust
(0-1)
-
Autonomy
vs
shame/doubt
(1-3)
-
Initiative
vs
guilt
(3-6)
-
Industry
vs
inferiority
(6-18)
-
Identity
vs
role
confusion
(12-18)
-
Intimacy
vs
isolation
(19-29)
-
Generativity
vs
stagnation
(30-64)
-
Integrity
vs
despair
(65+)
-
Piaget
-
Cognitive
stages
-
Sensorimotor
(0-1)
-
Preoperational
(2-6)
-
Concrete
operational
(7-11)
-
Formal
operational
(12+)
-
Kohlberg
-
Moral
Development
-
Level
1
-
preconventional
-
Stage
1
-
obedience
and
punishment
-
Stage
2
-
self-interest
-
Level
2
-
conventional
-
Stage
3
-
interpersonal
accord
-
Stage
4
-
authority/law
and
maintaining
social
order -
Level
3
-
postconventional
-
Stage
5
-
social
contract
-
Stage
6
-
universal
ethics,
internal
morals
9.3
SUMMARY
-
Stages
of
Development
-
Germinal
stage
(2
weeks)
-
Conception:
egg
and
sperm
merge
to
form
zygote
that
divides
rapidly
-
Embryonic
stage
(2-8
weeks)
-
Zygote
implants
itself
into
lining
of
uterus
of
mother
→
forms
placenta
-
Placenta
-
Embryo
develop
body
and
organ
structures,
neural
tubes
form
to
become
CNS
-
Fetal
stage
(9-40
weeks)
-
Body
brain
and
organs
grow
rapidly
-
Newborn
infants
-
Reflexes
-
Physical,
cognitive,
psychosocial
skills
grow
and
change
-
Physical
decline
begins
in
middle
adulthood,
cognitive
decline
does
not
begin
until
later
REVIEW
QUESTIONS
1.
-
2.
-
3.
Lifespan
is
defined
as
the
study
of
how
we
grow
from
conception
to
death
4.
-
5.
-
6.
According
to
Eriskon,
the
main
task
of
the
adolescent
is
forming
an
identity
7.
The
correct
order
of
prenatal
development
is
zygote,
embryo,
fetus
8.
The
time
during
fetal
growth
when
specific
parts
or
organs
develop
is
known
as
critical
period
9.
A
zygote
begins
as
a
single-cell
structure
that
is
created
in
sperm
and
egg
merge
at
conception
10.
-
11.
-
12.
The
frontal
lobes
become
completely
developed
by
25
years
old
CRITICAL
THINKING
QUESTIONS
1.
The
nature
vs
nurture
controversy
is
the
debate
over
whether
human
development
is
influenced
by
biology
or
the
environments
in
which
we
are
raised. 2.
Compare
and
contrast
continuous
and
discontinuous
development:
changes
are
gradual
and
part
of
a
cumulative
process
in
continuous;
changes
are
sudden
and
take
place
in
specific
steps/stages
in
discontinuous
3.
Developmental
milestones
should
be
used
only
as
a
general
guideline
for
normal
child
development
because
child
develop
at
different
rates
and
each
child’s
unique
context
will
influence
when
they
reach
that
milestone
4.
Difference
between
assimilation
and
accommodation:
a.
Assimilation:
when
someone
encounters
new
information
and
fits
that
idea
into
existing
knowledge/schemas
/
what
they
already
know
b.
Accommodation:
when
someone
alters
existing
schemas
in
response
to
new
information/experiences
5.
Gilligan
was
critical
of
Kohlberg’s
theory
of
moral
development
because
it
failed
to
take
into
account
women
and
was
biased
toward
men
-
she
argued
that
women
prioritize
“ethics
of
care”
as
their
sense
of
morality
evolves
while
men
prioritize
“sense
of
justice”
6.
Egocentrism
is
the
inability
for
one
to
think
about
the
world
from
other
people’s
perspectives
7.
A
teratogen
is
a
substance/agent
that
can
cause
defects
in
the
embryo
or
fetus.
8.
Newborn
reflexes
and
how
they
promote
survival
a.
Oral:
rooting
and
sucking
b.
Moro
c.
grasping
→
swift
reflexes
to
stimuli
that
protect
the
baby
from
harm
9.
Four
parenting
styles
a.
Permissive
i.
High
warmth,
low
control
b.
Authoritative
i.
High
warmth,
high
control
c.
Authoritarian
i.
Low
warmth,
high
control
d.
Neglectful
i.
Low
warmth,
low
control
CHAPTER
15
-
PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
What
is
Abnormal
1.
Distressful
a.
Subjective
distress
and
concern
from
others
2.
Deviant
a.
Different
from
usual
3.
Dysfunctional
a.
Affecting
function
b.
Causing
pain
or
death
4.
Culture
and
context
considered
a.
Cultural
norms
and
expectations
vary Risk
and
Protective
Factors
for
Mental
Disorders
-
Risk
factors
-
Academic
failures
-
Insomnia
-
Poor
work
skills
and
habits
-
Stressful
life
events
-
Substance
abuse
-
Trauma
experiences
-
Birth
complications
and
low
birthweight
-
Family
disorganization
/
conflict
-
Parental
mental
influences
-
Protective
factors
-
Aerobic
exercise
-
Feelings
of
security
-
Social
work
and
skills
-
Social
support
-
Effective
parenting
-
Economic
independence
-
Resilient
coping
strategies
and
self-esteem
15.1
SUMMARY
-
what
are
psychological
disorders
-
Conditions
characterized
by
abnormal
thoughts,
feelings,
behaviors
-
Inner
experiences
and
behaviors
that
signify
the
PRESENCE
of
a
behavior
are…
-
Atypical
-
Violate
social
norms
→
these
qualities
ALONE
are
INADEQUATE
-
HARMFUL
DYSFUNCTION
=
psychological
disorder
-
Psychological
disorders
result
from
inability
of
an
in
internal
mechanism
to
perform
its
natural
function
-
APA
DEFINITION
-
Significant
disturbances
in
thoughts,
behaviors,
and
feelings
that
reflect
some
kind
of
biological,
physiological,
or
developmental
dysfunction
→
must
cause
impairment
in
life
and
must
not
reflect
culturally
expected
reactions
to
certain
life
events
15.2
SUMMARY
-
diagnosing
and
classifying
psychological
disorders
-
DSM
-
5
→
used
by
most
US
professionals
-
Most
recent
version
(5th)
published
in
2013
-
Includes
237
specific
diagnosable
disorders
-
Diagnostic
criteria
in
DSM
are
more
explicit
than
any
other
system
→
desirable
for
clinical
diagnosis
and
research
15.3
SUMMARY
-
perspectives
on
psychological
disorders
-
Supernatural
perspective
-
Disorders
were
viewed
as
arising
from
divine
forces
/
spirits
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