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WGU pathophysiology D /114 Verified Questions And Answers 100% Score!!!
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WGU pathophysiology D236 2023 -2024 /114Verified Questions And Answers 100% Score!!!
Quiz :What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces?
How does this explain why a nutritionally deficient child would have edema? -
√Answer :Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the capillary
membrane. There are two major opposing forces that act to balance each
other, hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out of the capillaries) and osmotic
pressure (including oncontic pressure, which pushes fluid into the capillaries).
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood affect osmotic
pressure, high electrolyte and protein concentrations in the blood would cause
water to leave the cells and interstitial space and enter the blood stream to
dilute the high concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a
nutritionally deficient child) would cause water to leave the capillaries and
enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead to edema.
Quiz :How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) result in
increased blood volume and increased blood pressure? - √Answer :A drop in
blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn begins
to secrete renin.
Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is converted to
Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral
arterial vasoconstriction which raises BP.
Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release aldosterone,
which acts to increase sodium and water reabsorption increasing blood
volume, while also increased potassium secretion in urine.
Quiz :How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest? - √Answer :Normal levels
of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to
potassium levels higher that 5.2 mEq/dL.
,A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in muscles. Too
low and muscle weakness occurs and too much can cause muscle spasms.
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can
cause a heart attack
Quiz :The body uses the Protein Buffering System, Phosphate Buffering System,
and Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System to regulate and maintain homeostatic
pH, what is the consequence of a pH imbalance - √Answer :Proteins contain
many acidic and basic group that can be affected by pH changes. Any increase
or decrease in blood pH can alter the structure of the protein (denature),
thereby affecting its function as well
Quiz :Describe the laboratory findings associated with metabolic acidosis,
metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. (ie relative
pH and CO2 levels). - √Answer :Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH:
7.35-7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100 mm Hg HCO3-: 22-26 mEq/L SaO2:
95-100%
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are marked by changes in PCO2. Higher =
acidosis and lower = alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by something other than abnormal
CO2 levels. This could include toxicity, diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI
losses.
Here are the rules to follow to determine if is respiratory or metabolic in
nature. -If pH and PCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is the pCO2
levels that are causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature.
-If PCO2 is normal or is moving in the same direction as the pH, then the
imbalance is metabolic in nature.
Quiz :The anion gap is the difference between measured cations (Na+ and K+)
and measured anions (Cl- and HCO3-), this calculation can be useful in
determining the cause of metabolic acidosis.
Why would an increased anion gap be observed in diabetic ketoacidosis or
lactic acidosis? - √Answer :The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured
anions in the blood.
,Lactic acid and ketones both lead to the production of unmeasured anions,
which remove HCO3- (a measured anion) due to buffering of the excess H+ and
therefore leads to an increase in the AG.
Quiz :Why is it important to maintain a homeostatic balance of glucose in the
blood (ie describe the pathogenesis of diabetes)? - √Answer :Insulin is the
hormone responsible for initiating the uptake of glucose by the cells. Cells use
glucose to produce energy (ATP).
In a normal individual, when blood glucose increases, the pancreas is signaled
to produced in insulin, which binds to insulin receptors on a cells surface and
initiates the uptake of glucose.
Glucose is a very reactive molecule and if left in the blood, it can start to bind
to other proteins and lipids, which can lead to loss of function.
AGEs are advanced glycation end products that are a result of glucose reacting
with the endothelial lining, which can lead to damage in the heart and kidneys.
Quiz :Compare and contrast Type I and Type II Diabetes - √Answer :Type I
diabetes is caused by lack of insulin. With out insulin signaling, glucose will not
be taken into the cell and leads to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Type I is
usually treated with insulin injections.
Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to insulin signaling. The insulin
receptors are no longer responding to insulin, which also leads to
hyperglycemia.
Type II is usually treated with drugs to increase the sensitization to insulin
(metformin), dietary and life-style changes or insulin injections.
Quiz :Describe some reasons for a patient needing dialysis - √Answer :AEIOU-
acidosis. Electrolytes, Intoxication/Ingestion, overload, uremia. Patients with
kidney or heart failure.
A build up of phosphates, urea and magnesium are removed from the blood
using a semi-permeable membrane and dialysate.
AEIOU:
, A—acidosis;
E—electrolytes principally hyperkalemia;
I—ingestions or overdose of medications/drugs;
O—overload of fluid causing heart failure;
U—uremia leading to encephalitis/pericarditis
Quiz :Compare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
What are some reasons for a patient choosing one over the other? -
√Answer :Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump blood from the body in one
tube while dialysate (made of water, electrolytes and salts) is pumped in the
separate tube in the opposite direction. Waste from the blood diffuses through
the semipermeable membrane separating the blood from the dialysate.
Peritoneal Dialysis does not use a machine, but instead injects a solution of
water and glucose into the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum acts as the
membrane instead of dialysis tubing. The waste products diffuse into the
abdominal cavity and the waste solution is then drained from the body.
Peritoneal dialysis offers continuous filtration and is less disruption to the
patient's daily routines. However, it does require some training of the patient
and is not recommended for individuals who are overweight or have severe
kidney failure.
Hemodialysis provides medical care, but 3 times a week for several hours
sitting at a hospital or clinic. Individuals with acute kidney failure are
recommended to use hemodialysis.
Quiz :How does homeostasis and maintaining optimal physiological health
impact your wellbeing? - √Answer :Homeostasis acts to create a constant and
stable environment in the body despite internal and external changes. Proteins
and other cellular processes require optimal conditions in order to carry out
their functions.
Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, glucose levels, etc. can have
negative effects on health, so it is vital for mechanisms that regulate
homeostasis to function properly for maintaining good health
Quiz :Differentiate between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity ? -
√Answer :The innate immune system encompasses physical barriers and
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