ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate Quiz with complete solutions | Latest 2023/2024
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage ️
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function ️
The Normal Cell Cycle ️ -The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes
of DNA replication and m...
ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate Quiz with complete solutions. Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage ✔️ Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function ✔️ The Normal Cell Cycle ✔️ -The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division -Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes molecular information Interphase and Mitotic Phase ✔️ Cell divisio n produces two identical cells through these two major phases During interphase: ✔️ Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three steps: 1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap) 2: Synthesis phase (S phase) 3:Mitotic Phse (M phase) First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) ✔️ -cells increase in size -reproduce RNA -"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA -Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days Synthesis Phase (S phase) ✔️ -DNA replicates -Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids) -which are attached a t the centromere -lasts 2 -10 hours Mitotic Phase (M phase) ✔️ -Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells -takes about 30 -60 minutes Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from ✔️ -G1 checkpoint -S Phase -G2 checkpoint -M phase Restriction Point ✔️ -The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing phase (G0 -G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur -During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point -Extracellular growth factors tri gger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return G0 Phase (resting phase) ✔️ -After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0 -Most cells in t he human body reside in G0 -Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) ✔️ -Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as -granulocytes -and the epithelium of the GI tract Cell Cycling Time ✔️ Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis Cell cycle video and image ✔️ http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animati
on__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control ✔️ -The cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints -Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer -These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: ✔️ 1. cyclines (D, E, A, B) 2. Cyclin -dependent kinases (CDKs) -Cyclin -CDK compl ex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs ✔️ -(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and CDK 4/6 -Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2 -Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2 -G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A -Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B Inhibitory proteins ✔️ -prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is detected -An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53) DNA Damage Checkpoints ✔️ -If DNA damage is present, cells are programmed to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) -The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well -
understood inhibitory proteins (IP) Inhibitory proteins p53 ✔️ -Levels of this IP regulate several important target genes -Will increase when DNA damage is present -Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation -sometimes called the "suicide gene" M Phase Checkpoints ✔️ When the cells prepare to divide, the chr omosomes line up in the mitotic spindle. If the chromosomes are not properly aligned, division is not allowed to continue Immunity ✔️ Cells of the Immune System ✔️ Pluripotent Stem Cell ✔️ -The cells of the immune system are created in the bome marrow from what is know as a ___ -A stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type except for extraembryotic tissue, does not yet have a function Myeolid Precursor Cells ✔️ Mature into: -RBCS
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