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CTS Top Exam Questions and answers, 100% Accurate. Verified. • Analog to Digital Conversion: Sampling Rate - -how many times a digital sample is taken of the analog sample, per second Ex. CD Sampling rate = 44.1kHz Called Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Determines digital signal's accuracy...

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  • August 12, 2023
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  • 2023/2024
  • Exam (elaborations)
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CTS Top Exam Questions and answers,
100% Accurate. Verified.

• Analog to Digital Conversion: Sampling Rate - ✔✔-how many times a digital sample is taken of the
analog sample, per second

Ex. CD Sampling rate = 44.1kHz

Called Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Determines digital signal's accuracy



Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Thm - ✔✔-• Analog sig must be encoded at rate 2X or more than highest
freq. of sample

• Human hearing is up to 20kHz -> digital audio should be at least 40 kHz



o Bit depth - ✔✔-Number of bits used to describe a sampled voltage level -> "quantization"

Assigns quantity to the signal being measured

Greater bit depth = more accurate rep of signal

• i.e. if sig has on bit -> 0 or 1-> describes only two states, on or off

• 2 bits= 4 states

• CD has 16 bits -> 216

In video, bit depth is how many shades can be described



o Bit Rate - ✔✔-Measures quantity of info over time in a dig. Signal stream

Bits per second bps

Higher bps = higher quality



o Compression - ✔✔-Reducing file size to smaller, more manageable

Remove unnecessary info

In text files, spaces compressed without affecting words

,In videos, use codec for transfer

• Usually 5:1 compression



o Codec - ✔✔-Converts analog to dig for both audio and video

Conserves bandwidth



o 2 elements of digital file: - ✔✔-Container - structure of file where data is stored

• Defines how data is arranged to inc. performance when codecs used

• i.e. WMV

Codec



o Lossless compression - ✔✔-never loses quality

Larger file sizes

i.e. winzip



o Lossy compression - ✔✔-approx. of original data, eliminates unnecessary or redundant info

Multiple reopening with degrade file



o Noise - ✔✔-Analog

• Need amplifiers for analog signals cause losses

• Amplifiers make noise worse

• Degradation

Digital

• Not affected

• Discerning circuitry helps rebuild



o Nodes - ✔✔-devices sharing the data, sends or receives

,o Connections - ✔✔-- physical means by which data travels between nodes



o NIC - ✔✔-any device that connects to network must have one

Interface that allows you to connect to network

Has own MAC



o MAC - ✔✔-hardware address

ID for the network

48 bit number, 6 groups of 2 hexidecimal numbers

• First part manufacturer, second is serial #



o Switch - ✔✔-provides phys connection btwn multiple devices

Stores each MAC address

Communication w/ parts via Ethernet

Either managed or unmanaged

Managed is configurable -> VLANs, monitor traffic, etc.



o Router - ✔✔-forwards data between devices not directly connected

Border between Lan and Wan

Uses IP address



o Gateway - ✔✔-router that connects private to public IPs

Translates between protocols

• Private uses baseband, public uses broadband



o Server - ✔✔-provides a service to dependent nodes

can be a program, computer hardware

often hosted on several computers

, thin server - provides one service



• Network Connections

o 3 Most common - ✔✔-Copper - uses Voltage

Optical Fiber

Wifi



Copper - uses Voltage - ✔✔-• Twisted pair

o "cats"

o Under Ethernet standards



o Cat 5e - ✔✔-designation for 100 Ohm unshielded twisted pair cables

100 MHz - 100 Mbps and 1Gbps

Adds specs for far end crosstalk



o Cat 6 - ✔✔-more twists per inch

250 MHz - 100 Mbps and 1Gbps

Higher speeds -> higher freq. with tiny wavelengths

Susceptible to noise

Need to be shielded



o Cat6a - ✔✔-augmented form of Cat 6

Capable of 10Gbps

Very high freq

Account for Alien Crosstalk (AXT)

• Unknown noise that can't be cancelled out by equipment

UTP - protected from AXT, can't be more than 55'

STP - better protected, can go longer

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