Summary

1.1. People in Groups - Course Summary (ALL PROBLEMS)

2 purchases

Course
Social Psychology: People in Groups (ESSBP1010)

Institution
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)

This summary contains all the problems for Social Psychology. The MAterial is from the year . I got a mark over 8 for the exam with these notes. Hopefully they can help you study aswell. The problems are 1. Emotion and Arousal (e.g Theories of Emotion ) 2. Helping Behaviour (e.g. Bystander Ef...

[Show more]

Preview 4 out of 64 pages

View example

Uploaded on August 14, 2023
Number of pages 64
Written in 2021/2022
Type Summary

social psychology
bystander effect
attitude
people in groups
milgram experiment
conformity
pbl
helping behaviour
problem 1
problem 2
problem 3
problem 4
problem 5
problem 6
problem 7
problem 8
theorie

Institution
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)
Education
Psychologie
Course
Social Psychology: People in Groups (ESSBP1010)

$10.80

Add to cart

Add to wishlist

100% satisfaction guarantee
Immediately available after payment
Both online and in PDF
No strings attached

Block 1.1 - PEOPLE IN GROUPS

Problem 1 - Emotion and Arousal
Important Definitions
AROUSAL (based on apa dictionary)
1. A state of physiological activation or cortical responsiveness, associated w/
sensory stimulation & activation of fibres from the reticular activating system
2. A state of excitement or energy expenditure linked to an emotion
a state of being activated

EMOTION (based on apa dictionary)
A complex reaction pattern, involving experiental, behavioural and physiological
elements by which an individual attempts to deal w/ a personally significant
matter or event
+ long-lasting

MOOD
1. any short-lived spontaneous emotional state, usually of low intensity (e.g., a
cheerful mood, an irritable mood).
2. a disposition to respond emotionally in a particular way that may last for
hours, days, or even weeks, perhaps at a low level and without the person
knowing what prompted the state. Moods differ from emotions in lacking an
object; for example, the emotion of anger can be aroused by an insult, but an
angry mood may arise when one does not know what one is angry about or what
elicited the anger. Disturbances in mood are characteristic of mood disorders.

, Block 1.1 - PEOPLE IN GROUPS

Theories of emotion - Physiological aspects of emotion
(WILLIAM) JAMES – (CARL) LANGE THEORY
FOCUS ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL
different emotions provoke different physiological responses

Claim
the specific character of the
biological changes is crucial

Explanation:
awareness of bodily changes turns
into perception into emotion
emotion & physiological response are connected

criticism
- arousal does not guarantee emotion
- identical responses are associated w several different emotions
- arousal is not necessary for emotion

CANNON- BARD THEORY/ Thalamic theory
disagrees w/ James-Lange-Theory
“its not easy to distinguish the bodily changes associated w/ different emotions”

Study/ research
People injected w/ epinephrine  felt
bodily changes / felt no emotion or only as
if (anti-James-Lange)

SCHACHTER- SINGER-THEORY
Emotion depends on a person`s judgement on why their
body has changed FOCUS ON THE COGNITIVE APPRAISAL

Criticism:
Study that criticizes Schachter-Singer-Theory
bodily arousal only partially determines emotion
Perceptions of emotions due to bodily arousal can be illusions
Various emotions are similar in terms of the body’s responses [1 type of body-response many
emotions]

TWO-FACTOR-THEORY OF EMOTION

Two-factor-theory of emotion by Schachter and Singer 1959
Two factors necessary to deal a specific emotion
1. Person has to experience physiological arousal
2. They have to make a cognitive interpretation that explains the source of arousal [other people
influence interpretation of our arousal but only if physical arousal is low ]
↓
☆ What happens when we are unclear about our emotion? (interpretation of arousal)
we tend to interpret our emotions based on watching others and match their emotional reactions

, Block 1.1 - PEOPLE IN GROUPS

people must be present before arousal in order to copy them

Misattribution Paradigm- Emotional lability by Schachter and Singer
Assumption: Emotions depend on cognitive label we assign them(casual attribution to
undifferentiated arousal) change label of arousalchange emotion
= depression into cheerfulness
effect is limited
emotions are less labile than expected

Excitation transfer model by Zillmann, 1979,1988
FACTORS CREATING AN EMOTION
1) learnt (aggressive) behaviour
2) arousal or excitation from another source
3) person’s interpretation of arousal state (emotional response seems appropriate)
MISATTRIBUTION
arousal by one thing can be moved or added to a
different thing
seems like the 2nd thing cause the arousal

arousal intensifies emotional reactions (- or +) even
w/o distress

ELEKTRIC SHOCK EXPERIMENT
- men get hard and mild electric shocks
- hard shocks = more schared = more attracted to female confederate
- w/o confederate = more ansxious
- if confederate got shocks didn’t matter “damsel in distress” does not work

Two- Factor – Theory of Emotion
Missattribution

Passionate Love = an intense emotional, heart-thumping state of absorption in another person

excitation transfer model works as well

AROUSAL -ATTRACTION EFFECT
Works for misattribution but also w/o misattribution (knowing the source of arousal)

Theory of Misattribution in Love Bescheid and Walster (later Hatfield)

, Block 1.1 - PEOPLE IN GROUPS

[Similar to Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion]
1) Heightened state of physical arousal
2) Belief that arousal wad triggered by beloved person (cognitive appraisal)
Autobiographical memories
recollections of sequences of events in one`s life  basis for self-concept
! in general remembering recent past events better than distant past events[recent > distant ]
↕ BUT
1) Reminiscence Bump – older people remember early adulthood pretty well [busy years]
2) Transitional firsts (e.g. 1st day of school/ last day of senior yrs)
↑
☆We remember moments w/ a strong emotional connection!
↓
Flashbulb memories
“print” dramatic events in memory
Biological: survival purpose
Not exactly accurate but feel special
Have a prominent place in our biographies

Experiments
Dutton & Aron:
Some Evidence for Heightened Sexual
Attractions and Conditions of High Anxiety
Goal
Proving that anxiety leads to sexual attraction (due to misattribution)

Design

1. Experiment: Capilano Bridge (male subjects, scary bridge, the more fear, the more sexual their
reports, arousal stimulates/enhances emotion/ stories with sexual )

2. Experiment: same set up, but different bridge, approached subjects 10min after passing bridge,
less Rückrufe and less sexual stories

3. Experiments: anticipation of electroshock (more anxiety when confronted with strong shock,
strong shock + female=less anxiety, sexual imagery higher when both strong shock)

Love at First Fright: Rollercoaster experiment by Meston & Frohlich
(2002)
Goal
examine the effect of residual nervous system arousal (after rollercoaster) on perception of sexual
attraction, under consideration of romantic and non-romantic partners; male and female

Design
- took a picture of seatmate (opposite gender) and showed it to them pre ride
- pre rating and post rating of image of person sitting next to them

Results
People (non-romantic partner): AFTER the ride, showed increased ratings/ dating desirability
towards the photograph, than people entering the ride
People w/ a romantic partner showed no difference in attractiveness ratings before and after the
ride // sometimes even less attractive due to physical reasons

Arousal from riding the rollercoaster led to increased rating attractiveness but only for person w/o
a romantic partner

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller eva-lottemartini. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $10.80. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

67479 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now

Start selling