Unit 39.1 - Civil rights and race relations in the USA, 1850-2009
Summary
Summary Key events of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and early 1960s
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Unit 39.1 - Civil rights and race relations in the USA, 1850-2009
Institution
PEARSON (PEARSON)
Book
Access to History: Civil Rights and Race Relations in the USA 1850–2009 for Pearson Edexcel Second Edition
A table detailing the key facts regarding events/cases of the Civil Rights Movement as well as an analysis of their importance/significance. Essential knowledge for essay paragraphs on this unit.
"To what extent were key individuals responsible for the gains made by African Americans in their struggle for equality between 1861 and 1965?" essay
Sylvia Mendez
American civil rights (1863-1900) events notes + causes of change
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PEARSON (PEARSON)
History 2015
Unit 39.1 - Civil rights and race relations in the USA, 1850-2009
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Case Study Key Features Significant Not Significant
Brown v. - A Kansas schoolgirl, Linda Brown had to walk 20 blocks to get to her all-black school - Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson - The Supreme Court gave no date by wh
Board of - Her father decided to challenge the segregated school system - Seemed to remove all constitutional sanctions for be achieved
Education, - Brought to the Supreme Court by the NAACP racial segregation - The Supreme Court said nothing about
- Black lawyer, Thurgood Marshall argued that ‘separate but equal’ education facilities in public - The NAACP returned to the Supreme Court and - In the Deep South, schools remained se
Topeka schools was a breach of the 14th Amendment obtained the Brown II ruling that integration be - Some school boards maintained white-
1954 - Supreme Court ruled that even if facilities were equal, separate education was psychologically accomplished ‘with all deliberate speed’ manipulating entry criteria
harmful to black children - 70% of school districts in Washington DC, and many - Some schools in Virginia closed rather t
border states, desegregated schools within a year - White Citizens’ Councils were formed th
- Inspired further activism for legal equality defend segregation (250,000 members b
- Demonstrated the power of activists - The KKK was revitalised
The Murder of - Emmett Till was a 14-year-old black American from Chicago - Till had an open casket = the sight of his brutalised - Murderers acquitted
Emmett Till - While he was visiting family in Mississippi, he was accused of whistling at a white woman body pushed many to fight for civil rights
1955 - 2 white men mutilated and murdered Till - Press coverage
- His murderers, Bryant and Milam, were acquitted by an all-white jury - Widespread shock and condemnation of the
- Protected by double jeopardy, the two men later admitted that they kidnapped and killed Till Southern States
- Encouraged many black Americans to become civil
rights activists
- Catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement
The - In 1955, Rosa Parks caught the bus home after a day of work as a seamstress in a department store - Demonstrated the power of a whole black - Montgomery’s White Citizens’ Council o
Montgomery in Montgomery, Alabama community using non-violent action the bus boycott
Bus Boycott -The bus filled up and a white man was left standing - Black shoppers could not get downtown without the - The Council ordered the harassment of
1956 - The driver ordered 4 black passengers to move and Parks refused buses so businesses lost $1 million and white - E.g. Black churches and homes were bo
- She was arrested and charged with a violation of the Montgomery city bus segregation ordinance businessmen began to work against segregation = - In Montgomery, the buses were desegr
that forbade black passengers sitting parallel with whites economic power of black Americans was
- Parks was an NAACP activist - In Montgomery, buses were desegregated (Browder
- The Montgomery Branch had been looking to challenge the city’s bus segregation laws and decided v. Gayle)
to use Parks as a test case - Boosted black morale
- After Parks’ arrest, the NAACP and the black teachers and students of Alabama State College - It inspired similar successful bus boycotts in 20
organised a day-long bus boycott in protest southern cities
- Montgomery’s black community successfully boycotted buses on the day of Rosa Parks’ trial, - Brought MLK to the forefront of the movement
demanding ‘first-come, first-served’, courteous drivers and the employment of black drivers - Led to the creation of the SCLC
- When the city commissioners rejected these demands, the boycott became a year-long one and the
aim became the integration of the buses
Little Rock - Little Rock planned full compliance with Brown by 1963 and began with the integration of Central - Confirmed the belief of black Americans that they - Demonstrated how Brown v. Board of e
1957 High School couldn’t rely upon court decisions but needed to do resistance in practice
- 9 black students reported there in September 1957 more direct, non-violent action - It was 1960 before Central High School
- The Arkansas governor and local white groups opposed the enrolment of black students and a riot - Demonstrated the increased importance of the
nearly occurred media to black progress
- Eisenhower sent in troops to protect the black children - Cities like Atlanta desegregated to avoid Little Rock-
style violence and publicity
- Federal government intervention
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