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Civil rights in USA
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Native AmericansBackground
-NA wanted Cultural, SD, Land rights
-NA previously owned America but after Christopher Columbus “discovered America” white settlers
settled on the East of America
-Manifest Destiny= it was White Americans God given right to own America
-NA were seen as a barrier to achieving MD which resulted in the govt using measures like reservations,
allotment policy, policy of assimilation and termination policy
-US govt believed assimilating NA into US culture it would allow them to achieve MD
To what extent did FG help NA 1865-1992?
NA wanted SD, cultural, land rights
-Largely hindered by FG, attitudes and lack of activism
-FG mainly hindered
-1865-1969 FG focused on policy of assimilation, then 1969-1992 FG follow a policy of SD
-FG spent more time hindering rather than helping
SD CULTURAL LAND
P= In terms of SD rights FG P= In terms of Cultural rights FG P= In terms of land FG hindered
hindered more than helped hindered more than helped more than it helped
E= Reservation policy-> E= Dance Order 1926-> E= Fort Laramie Treaty 1868->
reservations were parts of land prohibited NA performing their signed by the Sioux nation with
given to NA so that they were traditional dances as it was seen FG to establish the “Great Sioux
out of the US’ way when the US as an attack on some people’s Reserve” this gave NA the right
civil and religious rights- govt to determine what should
govt were building railways
policy of assimilation to happen to their land- gave NA
across the great plains and
Americanize NA + strip them of SD rights but it was used to
taking over America as it was their culture appease the NA after FG forced
their right (MD)-> disrupted -Allotment policy- introduced by them into reservations. --> FG
their nomadic lifestyle (unable the Dawes Act 1887-> had history (even prior to 1865)
to follow Buffalo) therefore NA reservation lands were divided of making treaties with NA to go
relied on govt for resources- into allotments for some NA into reservation land and in
taking away their SD rights tribes. But after the 1898 Curtis return US wouldn’t take more
-Quality of life was poor-> govt- Act no tribe was exempt from land but the US kept breaking
appointed Indian Agents were the Dawes Act including the 5 these promises and taking more
corrupt & sold NA food for their Civilized tribes. -Dawes Act land- LFT pushed NA off the big
own profit + used govt funding ignored the tribal nature & land they occupied into small
continued the policy of reservations
for themselves-> poor quality of
, life + NA starved due to NA not destroying it- NA belief that -Sioux Nation v US case 1980->
being able to rely on their land was sacred and should not SC ruled NA entitled to
normal lifestyle be owned by anyone, FG $12.5million with 5% interest
-1902 Lonewolf v Hitchcock-> SC disregarded their culture and per year since 1877 for the loss
revoked all treaties with NA and made them farmers on this of the Black Hills- NA didn’t
made NA wards of the nation allotted land. want financial compensation
-Policy of Termination 1953- they wanted their land- NA
meaning they had no rights->
1969-> govt believed previous refused the money resulted in
due to policy of assimilation to
policies had failed to assimilate them receiving neither
bring MD-> made NA NA- this policy intended to strip -Termination Policy->was
dependent on govt for funding NA of their tribal identity and introduced due to economic
and resources as more NA were give NA the same rights of US factors as land NA lived on was
forced into reservations citizens. -NA encouraged to wanted by mining and forestry
-1924 Citizenship Act-> gave NA move to urban area by FG companies- NA pushed into
citizenship whether they liked it supplying them housing and reservations and urban areas
or not- force assimilation which jobs--> big push by FG by taking which decreased their land
was against the will of some NA NA off reservations and into rights
HOWEVER, FG did help NA gain urban cities where they will HOWEVER, FG did help NA gain
some SD rights work and pay taxes some land rights
E= Indian SD act of 1975-> gave HOWEVER, FG did help NA gain E= Onieda v Onieda Madison
some cultural rights counties case 1974-> SC ruled
tribes the right to negotiate
E= Indian Reorganization Act Onieda tribe had the right to
contracts with the Bureau of
(Wheeler-Howard Act) 1934-> sue US govt for the return of
Indian Affairs (BIA) for their own intended to recognize and their land- when successful it
education, health and social protect traditional NA culture encouraged more tribes to
services-> due to work Nixon tribes- allowing them to claim their land especially in the
done which provided a practice their own religion and East- NA gained more land due
facilitating environment for assert their cultural identity to SC
Ford to make laws advancing therefore enhancing their A= US already achieved MD and
NA rights--> NA SD act gave NA cultural rights owned all of America by 1974
autonomy in their own lives and -NA Religion Freedom Act 1978 therefore giving NA land rights
affairs- giving NA SD ->step towards giving NA the in a country that was previously
-Harrison v Laveen 1948-> SC right to believe, express and theirs, shows the insignificance
exercise traditional religious of the work of the US govt to
ruled in favor of 2 NA who had
practices--> stimulated NA give NA land rights. FG hindered
been denied the vote by state
action to recover sacred objects the most in terms of land
govt- set precedent for 1970s as
+ human remains in museums &
NA could now use the vote to allotted lands due to their right
practice SD and select a govt to possess sacred objects by the
favorable to their rights act
-Seminole Tribe v Butterworth -Graves Protection Act 1990->
1982-> allowed tribes to set up made all federal institutions
gambling enterprises on the give NA remains, Grave goods +
reservation lands--> due to sacred objects back to NA which
activism of NARF- using improved NA cultural rights as
litigation to get rights through their traditional goods were
their success in courts- NA had given back to them and they
were able to practice their
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