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Summary of chapter 10 basic knowledge (Emotion and Motivation)
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Toetsstof periode 1Basiskennis
Phelps, A., Berman, E.T., & Gazzaniga, M. (2022). Psychological Science (6th edition).
W.W. Norton, New York.
• H13 - Personality
• H10 – Emotion and Motivation
• H11 - Health and Well-Being (p. 423 t/m 440)
• H14 - Psychological Disorders
• H15 -Treatment of psychological disorders
Gazzaniga, M.S. (2018): Psychological Science (6th edition). W.W. Norton, New
York.: 13.3 Psychodynamic Theories Emphasize Unconscious and Dynamic
Processess.docx
Steensma, H. (2011). Mensen, arbeid en organisatie. Den Haag: Boom Lemma
uitgevers.
• H6 - Arbeid en gezondheid: stress (p. 153 t/m 173) (hoofdstuk is te vinden in
de Body of Knowledge basiskennis week 4)
,Chapiter 10
Emotion and motivation
What are emotions?
An emotion is an immediate, specific negative of positive response to environmental events or
internal thoughts.
Emotions is also called affect, an affect has three components: a physiological process, a behavioral
response and a feeling that is based on cognitive appraisal of the situation and interpretation of
bodily states. A feeling is the subjective experience of the emotion.
a physiological process → hearts beating fast, sweating
a behavioral response → eyes and mouth opening
feeling based on cognitive appraisal of the situation and interpretation of bodily states → I’m scared
10.1 Emotions vary in valance and arousal
Primary emotions are innate, evolutionarily adaptive and universal across cultures (anger, fear,
sadness, happiness).
Secondary emotions are blends of primary emotions, feelings about emotions of emotions that relate
to culturally specific values or concepts (guilt, shame, jealousy, pride, love).
Emotions have been classified along different dimensions, one of such system is the circumflex. In
this model emotions have been plotted along two continuums: valance, or how negative or positive,
and arousal of how activation they are.
Arousal is a generic term used to describe physiological activation of increases autonomic responses.
, 10.2 emotions have a physiological component
Emotions involve activation of the autonomic nervous system to prepare the body to meet
environmental challenges.
Many of the autonomic responses to emotions overlap. However, the specific patterns across
multiple autonomic responses suggest some level or specificity for each emotion. Patterns of the
brain activity differ among emotional experiences.
Perception of bodily sensations may play a role in how different emotions are expected (figure 10.1,
page 398)
- Limbic system
Many subcortical brain regions are involved in emotions. In 1952 Paul Maclean expanded this list of
regions, which border the cerebral cortex, and called it the limbic system. We now know that many
brain structures outside the limbic system are involved in emotion and that many limbic structures
are not central to emotions per se. Limbic system is a directly linking brain areas to specific
emotional functions.
In the brains:
Insula → receives and integrates somatosensory signals from the entire body, it is also involved in
the subjective awareness of bodily states (heartbeat, feeling hungry). The insula plays an important
role in the experience of emotion.
Amygdala → processes the emotional significance of stimuli, and it generates immediate emotional
and behavioral reactions. Most important for emotional learning.
Information reaches the amygdala along two separate pathways. The first path is a “quick and dirty”
system that processes sensory information nearly instantaneously.
The second path leads to more deliberate and more thorough evaluations. Along this slow path,
sensory material travels from the thalamus to the cortex, where the information is scrutinizes in
greater depth before it is passes along the amygdala.
- Amygdala and cognition
The amygdale plays a role in the process of memories being stored. Brain imaging studies have
shown that emotional events are likely to increase activity in the amygdala and that increased
activity is likely to improve long-term memory of the event.
The amygdala is also involved in the perception of social stimuli.
The amygdala is especially sensitives to the intensity of fearful faces.
The amygdala in central to situations that involve uncertainty.
Those with damage to the amygdala often have difficulty evaluation the intensity of fearful faces.
They also have difficulty using photographs to assess people’s trustworthiness.
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