Dyslexia friendly notes for Medieval medicine AQA GCSE History
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A Q&A full of of AQA GCSE Medicine: Medieval Medicine. These notes managed to get me a grade 8 on my AQA History GCSE in 2022. All notes have been made using class notes, teacher notes and AQA History guides. All notes that i have made are Dyslexia friendly, are colourful and easy to read!
Mediaeval medicine
Causes & treatments of illnesses
A punishment from God➡️a very common belief; God made people ill to punish
them for their sins.
Bad air➡️a common explanation; people linked bad air to filth in the streets but
some couldn’t explain the link.
Astrology➡️illnesses were linked to astrology and the movement of the planets
Unbalanced humours➡️Hippocrates and Galen thought that people got ill when their
humours were out of balance; when people got sick, they got rid of the excess
humours.
Preventing, diagnosing and treating illnesses
Urine chart➡️doctors used charts to test peoples' wee. It showed the wee colour,
smell and thickness and sometimes doctors tasted it too. Inspecting wee was a vital
part of diagnosing illness.
Bleeding- people bleed regularly to avoid illness; it was done by a surgeon or doctor
Zodiac man➡️Doctors believed that the movement of the planets, sun & moon as
well as constellations. The zodiac chart helped the doctor know what body part to
treat.
Cleaning the streets➡️1349 Plague, king Edward 3 ordered the mayor to remove all
of the filth off the streets.
Islamic individuals
Al-Razi (Rhazes)➡️wrote over 50 books based on Hippocrates & Galen’s ideas as
well as Chinese and Indian sources. His books were used for centuries after his
death (925AD). His booked emphasised the importance of a physician carefully
diagnosing. He also accurately described small pox and measles.
Ibn-al-Nafis➡️argued against Galen’s theory that blood was produced in the liver
and burnt up in the body as a nutrient. He argued that blood circulates around the
body.
Al-Zahrawi (Albucasis)➡️a well-known surgical expert. He produced a book on
describing complex abdominal operations and showing illustrations of more than 200
surgical instruments.
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)➡️he encouraged observation and experimentation as well as
emphasising the importance of clean air and water. He wrote on a wide range of
topics. The most important books were ‘The Cannon of Medicine’ and ‘The Book of
Healing’. The COM became the main textbook for physicians until the 17 th century. It
described over 700 drugs and medicines, their uses and how to diagnose diseases.
Islamic teaches told people to take care of their diet, exercise and hygiene as well as
to take care of the sick and needy.
Physicians, Barber surgeons and wise women
, Physicians➡️only the rich could afford a physician, they treated kings’ nobles and
wealthy merchants. They used the 4 humours, bleeding & purging. They informed
people on how to stay healthy (regular washing, exercise and bathe in hot water)
Wise women➡️many couldn’t afford a physician, so they used women in the family.
Mothers and grandmothers trained younger girls in the family. They used remedies
including honey (that fought infection). They acted as midwives and had to serve
apprenticeships to learn and gain licences so they could practice. They were paid.
Barber surgeons➡️they were used by people with very little money and who were
worried about their health. Many had to train as apprenticeships to gain their licence
to perform surgery by passing tests. They read books by Guy de Chauliac. Barber
surgeons performed a range of surgeries: extracting teeth, bloodletting and internal
operations. Also, they were very unhygienic because they used the same tools on
everyone, without sanitising them.
Hospitals
Not everyone could be admitted to hospital because they couldn’t afford it. The
hospitals didn’t allow: leapers, lunatics, people with contagious diseases, pregnant
women, sucking or intolerant infants. St Bartholomew’s hospital, London was set up
in 1123. Many small hospitals were in effect as well. Aims houses were set up to
provide a home for the old and those unable to work and many of these were funded
by the church or wealthy people. The main treatment at hospitals was prayer, and a
priest would say mass every day and occupants were expected to confess their sins
to the priest.
Christianity and medicine (negative)
Preserving knowledge➡️copies of books were written by hand which would of lead to
mistakes and errors.
Education and training ➡️they were taught to follow Galen’s ideas and to not
question his work. Also, Roger Bacon was sent to prison for encouraging research
and not following Galen’s ideas.
Ideas about causes and treatments➡️if God sent diseases, then there was no need
to look for other causes. If the diseases were a punishment for sins, then there were
no other causes. The reason you got ill was because of sins.
Hospitals➡️the most important treatment was prayer. Hospitals only had 5-10 beds
and were extremely small. Contagious diseases weren’t allowed in hospital because
they would spread to others.
Christianity and hospitals (positive)
➡️Many hospitals were founded through charitable donations, for example St
Bartholomew’s 1123
➡️St Lennard’s, York, could admit over 200 patients
➡️Monks and Nuns aimed to care for the sick and needy, not to cure them
➡️Any women working in a hospital had to be over 50 so they wouldn’t distract
patients from their prayers.
Islam and Medicine
➡️encouraged people to look after their diet, exercise and look after their hygiene
and to take care of the sick and needy people.
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