ELA NYS Content specialty exam Latest with complete Solution

ELA NYS Content specialty exam Phoneme - The smallest part of spoken language that makes a difference in the meaning of words. Learned before learning to read. Grapheme - Smallest part of written language Represents a phoneme in the spelling of a word Phonics - The fairly predictable relationship between between phonemes and graphemes. Phonemic Awareness - The ability to hear, identify,and manipulate the individual sounds (phonemes) in oral language. Ability to notice, think about or work with individual sounds in spoken words. Well established phonemic awareness usually = easier to read / spell Phonological Awareness - Broader than phonemic awareness: includes identifying/manipulating larger parts of spoken language (like onset/rime, syllables, and words) in addition to phonemes. Encompasses awareness of other aspects of sound such as rhyming, alliteration, and intonation Onset & Rime - Smaller than syllables, larger than phonemes. Phoneme Isolation - recognize individual sounds in a word Example: "w" in "was" Phoneme Identity - recognize the same sounds in different words Example: "w" in "was" is the same as "w" in "well" Phoneme Categorization - recognize a word with a sound that does not match the sounds in other words Phoneme Blending - Combine the phonemes to form a word. Then write and read the word. Phoneme Segmentation - Break a word into its separate sounds, saying each sound. Phoneme Deletion - Recognize the word that remains when a phoneme is removed from another word. Phoneme Addition - Make a new word by adding a phoneme to an existing word. Phoneme Substitution - Substitute one phoneme for another to make a new word. Example: "met" -> "bet" -> "let" Onset - The initial consonant(s) sound of a syllable. Example: "b-" in "bag", "sw-" in "swim" Rime - The part of a syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it Example: "-ag" in "bag", "-im" in "swim" Rhyme - repetition of similar sounds in the final stressed syllables and any following syllables of two or more words Alliteration - Repeated initial sound in a word. Ex) Wild Wedneseday Was Weird Intonation - The rise and fall in the voice when speaking How phonemic awareness instruction helps learn reading - How phonemic awareness instruction helps learn spelling - When is phonemic awareness most effective? - When children are taught to manipulate phonemes by using letters of the alphabet. Teaching sounds along with letters helps students relate phonemic awareness to reading/writing. When it focuses on only one or two types of phoneme manipulation. Systematic Phonics Instruction - The direct teaching of a set of letter-sound relationships in a clearly defined sequence. Includes major sound/spelling relationships of consonants and vowels. Greatest impact on early learner's reading achievement and comprehension. Fluency - Bridge between word recognition and comprehension. Read accurately, quickly, and with expression. Modeled by read alouds.