Whilst following the specification of AQA, these notes would be useful for any exam board to understand Research methods better. Covers every element of the spec, in great depth in order to more easily understand research methods. Breaks each section into easily manageable topics, useful when revis...
Research methods
Contents
Basics Pg 2
Types of experiment Pg 2
Aims and hypothesis Pg 3
Experimental designs Pg 4
Reliability and validity Pg 5
Sampling Pg 6
EVs and bias Pg 7
Pilot studies Pg 8
Observational design Pg 8
Ethics Pg 10
Questionnaires Pg 11
Interviews Pg 12
Levels of measurement Pg 12
1
, Basics of research methods
Quantitative data numerical data (objective)
Qualitative data words or pictures (subjective)
The experimental method is a research method that assigns pts to different conditions and
changes variables to create an effect. A variable is an object, characteristic or event that can
change or vary in some way.
Manipulating the independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable. There are
different types of variables:
- Independent (one that is changed)
- Dependent (one that is measured)
- Extraneous (a variable that could have an effect on
the DV – excluding the IV)
- Confounding (an extraneous variable that has not
been controlled – confound the result)
Types of extraneous variables:
1. Participant variables (intelligence, dyslexia, age, gender, emotional state etc)
2. Situational variables (temperature, time of day, noise etc)
3. Experimenter variables (mood, how they express themselves, personal attributes,
knowledge of previous experiments – might interpret the data w conscious or
unconscious bias)
Operationalisation being able to define variables simply + easily into quantitative
e.g. stress levels could be defined by measure of blood
pressure, heart rate, etc.
A problem with operationalisation of complex variables is that it normally only measures one
aspect of the variable.
Baddeley (1966), Tyler (1979) and Smith (1979) did investigations into how memory was
affected by acoustic similarity, how much the task had been processed and location of recall.
The IV is something that is manipulated to bring about a change in measured behaviour, the
DV. Control is achieved when, other than the IV, all other variables that could affect the DV
(extraneous variables) are at a constant.
Types of experiment
There are four types of experiment – laboratory, field, natural and quasi.
The IV Environment
Laboratory Manipulated by experimenter Controlled
Field Manipulated by experimenter Natural
Natural Occurs naturally Controlled or natural
Quasi Based on innate difference Controlled or natural
2
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller bethywesterman. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.73. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
