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Summary Psych & Biological Treatments
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Summary of 17 pages for the course Social Psychology at U of W (Includes diagrams)
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CHAPTER SIXTEEN: PSYCH AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS● Psychotherapy: Clients and Practitioners
○ Psychotherapy: a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve
emotional, behavioural, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of
their lives. There are 600+ “brands” of psychotherapy; contends with specific
problems, feelings of helplessness, social isolation, and a sense of failure or
expansion of self-awareness, learning better ways of relating to others, and
considering lifestyle changes. Goal is individuation, or wholeness.
○ Therapists: treat people of all ages, social, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds.
■ Unlicensed paraprofessionals with no formal training, as well as licensed
professionals, can be equally effective as trained therapists..
■ Warmth, selecting important topics to discuss, not contradicting clients,
cultural sensitivity, and the ability to establish a positive relationship are
more important determinants of a therapist’s effectiveness than formal
training or being licensed.
○ Individuals with anxiety and those with minor and temporary problems are most
likely to benefit from therapy.
○ Socioeconomic status, gender, age, and ethnicity don’t predict treatment
outcome.
○ Occupations, Degrees, Roles and Work Settings of Mental Health Professionals
■ Clinical Psychologist (PhD/PsyD, MA): private practice, hospitals, schools,
community agencies, medical settings, academic, other.
■ Psychiatrist (MD or DO): physicians, private practice, hospitals, medical
centres, schools, academic, other.
■ Counselling Psychologist (PhD, Ed.D, MA, MS, MC): university clinics,
mental health centres, treat people with less severe psychological
problems.
■ School Psychologist (PhD, PsyD, Ed.D, Ed.S, MA, MS, M.Ed): in-school
interventions, assessment, and prevention programs; work with teachers,
students, and parents.
■ Clinical Social Worker (training varies widely: BSW, MSW, DSW, LCSW):
private practice following supervised experience, psychiatric facilities,
hospitals/community agencies, schools, case managers; help with social
and health problems.
■ Mental Health Counsellor (MSW, MS, MC): private practice, community
agencies, hospitals, other; career counselling, marriage issues, substance
abuse.
,● Psychotherapy: Clients and Practitioners (CONT’D)
○ Occupations, Degrees, Roles and Work Settings of Mental Health Professionals
(CONT’D)
■ Psychiatric Nurse (training varies widely: associate’s degree, BSN, MSN,
DNP, PhD): hospitals, community health centres, primary care facilities,
outpatients mental health clinics, manage medications, with advanced
degrees can diagnose and treat mental patients.
■ Pastoral Counsellor (training varies: from bachelor’s degree to more
advanced degrees): counselling, support in spiritual context, wellness
programs; group, family, and couple therapy.
■ Degree Key
● BSN: Bachelor of Science in Nursing
● BSW: Bachelor of Social Work
● DNP: Doctorate Nurse Practitioner
● DO: Doctor of Osteopathy
● DSW: Doctor of Social Work
● Ed.D: Doctor of Education
● Ed.S: Specialist in Education
● LCSW: Licensed Clinical Social Worker
● MA: Master of Arts
● MC: Master of Counselling
● MD: Doctor of Medicine
● M.Ed: Master of Education
● MS: Master of Science
● MSN: Master of Science in Nursing
● MSW: Master of Social Work
● PhD: Doctor of Philosophy
● PsyD: Doctor of Psychology
○ Professionals vs Paraprofessionals
■ Professionals: understand how to operate effectively within the mental
health system; appreciate complex, ethical, professional, and personal
issues; can select treatments of demonstrated effectiveness.
■ Paraprofessionals: helpers who have no formal professional training,
often provide psychological services in such settings as crisis intervention
centres and other social service agencies; obtain agency-specific training
and attend workshops that enhance their educational background; help
compensate for the sizable gap between the high demand and meagre
supply of licensed practitioners.
, ● Psychotherapy: Clients and Practitioners (CONT’D)
○ Therapist Checklist
■ Therapist Traits to Seek Out
● I can talk freely and openly with my therapist.
● My therapist listens carefully to what I say and understands my
feelings.
● My therapist is warm, direct, and provides useful feedback.
● My therapist explains up front what they will be doing and why
and is willing to answer questions about their qualifications and
training, my diagnosis, and our treatment plan.
● My therapist encourages me to confront my challenges and solve
problems.
● My therapist uses scientifically based approaches and discusses
the pros and cons of other approaches.
● My therapist regularly monitors how I’m doing and is willing to
change course when treatment isn’t going well.
■ Therapist Traits to Avoid
● My therapist gets defensive and angry when challenged.
● My therapist has a one-size-fits-all approach to all problems.
● My therapist spends considerable time each session making “small
talk”, telling me exactly what to do, and sharing personal
anecdotes.
● My therapist isn’t clear about what is expected of me in the
treatment plan, and our discussions lack any focus and direction.
● My therapist doesn’t seem willing to discuss the scientific support
for what they’re doing.
● There are no clear professional boundaries in my relationship with
my therapist; for example, my therapist talks a lot about their
personal life or asks me for personal favours.
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