ATI Nutrition Chapter 1 Sources of Nutrition test 2023(solved&updated)

What is the average minimum amount of carbohydrates needed to fuel the brain? 130 g/day Give examples of monosaccharides Simple carbohydrates. Glucose and fructose Give examples of disaccharides Simple carbohydrates Sucrose and lactose Give examples of polysaccharides Complex carbohydrates Starch, fiber, glycogen Why is fiber important for proper bowel elimination? Adds bulk to feces and stimulates peristalsis to ease eliminating, What are Complete proteins? generally from animal sources, contain all of the essential amino acids (there are nine essential amino acids). What are Incomplete proteins? generally from plants (grains, nuts, legumes, vegetables, fruits), do not contain all of the essential amino acids What are Complementary proteins? food sources that, when eaten together, provide all the essential amino acids Proteins have many metabolic functions. List them. tissue-building and maintenance, balance of nitrogen and water, backup energy, support of metabolic processes [nitrogen balance, transportation of nutrients, other vital substances], support of the immune system Undernutrition can lead to protein malnourishment which can lead to what? kwashiorkor or marasmus. Protein provides blank cal/g of energy. Protein provides 4 cal/g of energy. Fat is a concentrated form of energy secondary to what? carbohydrates Why is fat important? hormone production, structural material for cell walls, protective padding for vital organs, insulation to maintain body temperature, covering for nerve fibers, aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins What are the different categories of fats? triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, polyunsaturated fats, and essential fatty acids What are triglycerides? The primary form of fat in food. They combine with glycerol to supply energy to the body, allow fat-soluble vitamin transport, and form adipose tissue that protects the body What are phospholipids? derived from triglycerides. They are important to cell membrane structure What is cholesterol necessary for? What happens if it's consumed in excess? belongs to the chemical substance group called sterols. It is necessary for cell membrane stability and the production of certain hormones and bile salts for digestion. Ifconsumed in excess, it can build up causing congestion and increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease. Essential fatty acids, including omega-3 and omega-6, are used for what? used to support blood clotting, blood pressure, inflammatory responses, and many other metabolic processes. A diet hih in fat is linked to cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus with what exception? The exception is for children under 2 years of age, who need a higher amount of fat to form brain tissue A diet with less than 10% fat cannot supply adequate amounts of essential fatty acids and results in what? cachetic (wasting) state What is the denset form of stored energy? Lipids. Where does the majority of lipid metabolism occur? The gallbladder secrets concentrated bile and acts as an emulsifier to break down fats into smaller particles. At the same time, the pancreas secretes pancreatic lipase, which breaks down fat. The small intestine secretes an enzyme for further breakdown. The muscles, liver, and adipose tissue cause the release of fatty acids, and the liver produces lipoproteins to carry lipids. Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) carry triglycerides to the ____ tissues Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) carry _____ Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) carry cholesterol to the tissues High-density lipoproteins (HDL) remove excess ______ Remove excess cholesterol from the tissues. HDL is considered "good" cholesterol What are the different water-soluble vitamins? Vitamin C, B vitamins, and folate What are the major actions of vitamin C? What can the deficiency of vitamin c lead to? Antioxidant, tissue building, iron absorbtion deficiencies can cause scurvy, decreased iron absorbtion, and/or bleeding gums What are the major actions of Thiamin B1? What can the deficiency of thiamin B1 lead to? Muscle energy, GI support, CV support Berberi, altered digestion, CNS and CV problems What are the major actions of Riboflavin B2? What can the deficiency Riboflavin B2lead to? Growth, energy, tissue healing Skin eruptions, cracked lips, red swollen tongue. What are the major actions of Niacin B3? What can the deficiency of Niacin B3 lead to? Energy and protein metabolism/cellular metabolism Pellagra, skin lesions, GI and CNS findings, dementia What are the major actions of Pantothenic acid? What can the deficiency of Pantothenic acid lead to? Fatty acid metabolism, cell synthesis, heme production Anemia, CNS changes What are the major actions of Pyridoxine B6? What can the deficiency of Pyridoxine B6 lead to? Cellular function, heme and neurotransmitter function, heme and neurotransmitter synthesis Anemia, CNS hyper-irritability, dermatitis What are the major actions of Folate? What can the deficiency of Folate lead to? Synthesis of amino acids and hemoglobin, lower neural tube defect in fetus Megaloblastic anemia, CNS disturbances What are the major actions of Cobalamin B12? What can the deficiency of Cobalamin B12 lead to? Hemoglobin synthesis, fatty acid metabolism Pernicious anemia, GI findings, poor muscle coordination List the fat soluble vitamins Vitamin A, D, E, and K What are the major actions of vitamin A? Normal vision, tissue strength, growth and tissue healing Reduced night vision, dry/thick eyes, mucosa changes What are the major actions of vitamin D? Maintain serum calcium and phosphorus, aid in bone development low serum calcium, fragile bones, rickets What are the major actions of vitamin E? Protects cells from oxidation Hemolytic anemia, CNS changes What are the major actions of vitamin K? Normal blood clotting (prothrombin production), aids in bone metabolism Increased bleeding times What are the major actions of magnesium? Bone nourishment, catalyst for many enzyme reactions, nerve/muscle function, CV support. What are the nursing implications for a patient with a magnesium deficiency? It is imcompatible with some antibiotics, give PO 2 hours apart A nurse is educating a client who is taking iron supplements about foods which aid in iron absorption. Which of the following food choices indicates an understanding of the teaching? A. Baked Potatoe B. Orange Juice C. Milk D. Green beans B. Orange Juice A nurse is discussing foods that are high in vitamin D with a client who is unable to be out in the sunlight. Which of the following should be included in the teaching? A. Tacos and Rice B. Hamburgers and fried potatoes C. Ham and Brussel Sprouts D. Eggs and fortified milk D. Sunlight helps synthesize vitamin d A nurse is caring for a client who is prescribed warfarin (Coumadin). Which of the following food choices should the nurse advise the client to limit? A. Orange juice B. Broccoli C. Ice cream D. Chicken B. Broccoli A nurse is conducting a nutritional class on minerals and electrolytes. Which of the following food sources should be included when discussing magnesium? A. Nuts B. Tomatoes C. Canned soup D. Yogurt A. Nuts are a good source of magnesium 5. A nurse is discussing health problems associated with nutrient deficiencies. Which of the following conditions is associated with a deficiency of vitamin C? A. Dysrhythmias B. Scurvy C. Pernicious anemia D. Megaloblastic anemia B. Scurvy is associated with a vitamin C deficiency Add or Remove Terms