This class note will give all the solutions needed to solve your assignments and study challenges as you will be able to acquire all the knowledge you need on fundamentals of Population and Population Theories as a topic.
Introduction to Population
Population may be described as total number of people living in a particular geographical area or
country at a particular time. The population of United States of America, for instance, means the total
number of people including children and adults or male or female living in the USA at a particular time.
The population census conducted in United States in the year 2020 put United States population at
331,449,281.
Factors Affecting Population Size and Growth
1. Birth Rate: This is the number of birth per thousand of population. It is the rate at which
children are being given birth to in a country. The higher the birth rate, the greater the size of
the population and vice versa.
2. Death Rate: This is the number of death per thousand of population. It is the rate at which
people die in a country. High death rate reduces population, while low death rate leads to
increase in population.
3. Migration: This is the movement of people from one place to another in other to settle there for
some time. There are two major types of migration.
Emigration: This is the movement of people out of a particular place or country.
Immigration: This is the movement of people from other country into a particular
country.
Immigration increases the size of the population while emigration decreases the size of
population. The difference between the number of immigrants and number of emigrants is
called Net Migration. Therefore, the population growth is equal to:
Birth Rate – Death Rate + Net Migration
Therefore,
Natural Growth = Birth Rate – Death rate
Types of Population
1. Over Population: This is the situation where the population of a country is more than the
available resources. Overpopulation may be caused by an increase in the birth rate, decrease in
the death rate or by higher net migration.
Implications of Overpopulation:
There will be a higher risk of unemployment.
There may be an increase in crime rate.
Cost of living may be high. This leads to low standard of living.
There will be pressure on social amenities like electricity, water, roads, and so on.
There will not be sufficient food to cater for the higher population.
Dependency ratio will increase.
How to Control Overpopulation:
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