"Complete Geography for Cambridge IGCSE"
This has most of the case studies from the textbook including: Child policies, ageing population, weathering, causes of flooding, volcanic eruptions, marine processes, hurricane, deforestation, food shortages, tourism, nucleur power stations and much more
I ...
Complete Geography for Cambridge IGCSE notes (Ch 1-6) (0460)
Agriculture (Geography IGCSE 0460)
Industry (Geography IGCSE 0460)
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Engineering in University
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Chapter 1 (policies, ageing population, high birth rate, high migration rate)
Due to china’s increasing birth rate, the interventionist’s governments in china created a policy
called the one-child policy to decrease the ever growing birth rate. This policy was applied in
1979, and has prevented 300 million babies from being born. The main reason the policy was
put in was because china didn’t have enough food, water or energy to cater to the whole
population. The fertility rate declined from 5.91 in 1966 to 2.91 in 1978 and in 2009 it was 1.61.
The policy alone has eliminated 37 million girls from being born so the sex ratio is china is not
stable. The policy has reduced the problems of overpopulation which caused les pressure on
social services, waste disposal and housing and less danger to epidemics spreading.
Sweden on the other hand is trying to increase the birth rate to compensate for the ageing
population. The government offered incentives such as paying a generous benefit for each child
born, giving father 13 months paid leave after a birth of a child at 80 percent of their salaries
and providing all-day childcare or all-day schools. This has yet to show any improvement in their
population. Their birth rate hardly changed in 2011 since 2000.
Japan is reported to have the slowest population growth since 1920. Hence, it is also known to
have an ageing population with extremely low birthrates. This happens because young Japanese
people tent to marry at older ages and they prefer to have fewer children because of careers
and lifestyle choices. Moreover their lifestyle cost is very expensive so it would be a financial
burden to raise more children. Japan’s fertility rate stood at 1.37 births per woman, one of the
lowest in the world. Also, its citizens who are at least 100 years old rose by 10 percent. Last but
not least, the number of Japanese who are 65 and older hit a record of 29.4 million.
Bangladesh is located in Asia and it has one of the highest birth rates in the world of 23 per 1000
people. It currently has a population of 158 million. Since the majority of the people living there
are muslims, contraceptive pills is against their religion. Having children also means more hands
on farm as well as a sign of status. Due to their cultural reasons, most girls marry at a young age
thus having myriad kids in their lifetime. Bangladesh is an LEDC country and their IMR rate is
high so parents have more kids to compensate for the expected loss. As it is an LEDC, many
people might not have gotten a good enough education to learn about contraceptive pills. All
these reasons is what cause Bangladesh to have such a high birth rate.
In 2013, approximately 41.3 million immigrants lived in the united states. This is one of the
highest immigrant’s percentage in the world. The ethnicity of these immigrants is mostly
Mexicans or Latin-Americans taking up almost 50% of the immigrants population. Many
Mexicans escaped from their countries and illegally crossed the U.S border mainly for the reason
of either more job opportunities or for the safety of the U.S. The educational opportunities
available are one of the main reasons why people from countries such as China and India come
to America. Higher wages were also part of the reason and not to mention the economic
opportunities. The very popular Hollywood movies have also interested people to moving to the
U.S.
, Chapter 2 (site, situation, function or functions and growth)
New York City is located in the state of New York in USA. The Hudson and east rivers provided a
safe and deep anchorage for big ships thus there was an extensive waterfront for the
development of docks. The island of Manhattan which is in the center of the city, also known as
the central business district, was a rocky ridge which created an easy defence from the outside.
The city has five boroughs: Brooklyn, queens, the Bronx, Staten Island and Manhattan. The
urban growth has led to many problems: the inner-city areas have housing problems such as
abandoning buildings or leaving them in a poor state, visual pollution due to graffiti, therefore
they are slowly trying to rebuild those areas which create jobs and also helps reduce the
number of homeless people. New York contributes to 1% of USA’s greenhouse gas emissions.
This is caused by increasing uses of public transportation which leads to traffic congestion. This
creates noise and air pollution.
Chapter 3 (advantages of living next to a volcano, causes and effects)
There are many advantages towards living next to a volcano for example in Iceland. People
continue to live there because the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Great use is made of
the fact that the rocks beneath the surface are very hot and water in the ground is also hot. By
harvesting this geothermal power from steam in volcanically active areas, electricity is created.
Sometimes the heat is directly taken from hot rocks for heating systems. Iceland is known for its
hot springs so the beautiful features of the volcanoes in Iceland attracts many tourist each year
so this helps the economy of the country and also create jobs such as tourist guides. The
eruption from mount Eldfell in 1973 created an extra land mass of 2.5 square kilometers. The
new land was used to give the harbour extra shelter from rough seas.
Indonesia is a home to a myriad of volcanoes as the Indo-Australian plate and the Eurasian plate
converge. The recent eruption in Mt Kelud had devastating effects towards the local community.
It erupted in February of 2014. Researchers believe that Mt Kelud erupted due to a blockage in
the vent. As the gas pressure from underneath forced the magma up, it erupted. The local
community was given a warning and more than 200 000 people were immediately evacuated.
Due to the early warning, the fatalities were kept to a minimum as only less than 10 people had
died. This eruption produced a lot of lava which damaged homes, buildings and roads. The very
heavy ashfall erupted into the atmosphere had a significant effect that schools in Surabaya were
closed. Over 200 000 people were affected as they had to clean up ash from their homes and
streets. Houses also collapsed due to heavy ash. Other effects include: loss of jobs, loss of
income and toxic fumes such as carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide.
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