HMX Immunology Practice Test Questions with Complete Solutions

HMX Immunology Practice Test Questions with Complete Solutions ABO blood groups - Answer carbohydrate antigens on the surface of blood cells determine blood type primary lymphoid organs - Answer bone marrow and thymus circulating leukocytes - Answer mature immune cells that circulate through blood vessels innate immunity - Answer mechanisms that exist prior to infection and are capable of rapid responses to microbes adaptive immunity - Answer a more complex defense system against infection that requires some time to develop after initial exposure to the microbe; is specific and specialized and has memory; mediated by lymphocytes with highly diverse antigen receptors lymphocytes - Answer a type of white blood cell that makes antibodies to fight off infections PD-L1 - Answer A protein that's expressed by immune cells, such as DCs, and non-immune cells, including many cancer cells. Blocking this protein prevents its interaction with PD-1 expressed by T cells, thus relieving a negative regulator of T cell function Checkpoint blockade - Answer the reactivation of existing T cells that are nonfunctional due to inhibitory signaling; accomplished by blocking inhibitory receptors, which rejuvenates exhausted T cells (mainly CTLA-4 in lymph nodes and PD-1 in tissue) Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell - Answer are created by introducing into T cells a DNA sequence that contains the recognition portion of an antibody fused to signaling components of the T cell receptor; have been used to treat some types of cancer Cross matching - Answer method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility HLA (human leukocyte antigen) - Answer these proteins are the most important determinants of an allogenic immune response HLA matching - Answer used to reduce the risk of transplant rejection Natural antibodies - Answer Antibodies produced by the immune system in the apparent absence of any infection. They have a broad specificity for self and microbial antigens, can react with many pathogens, and can activate complement.