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Summary A Level Respiration Notes
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Revision notes for A Level respiration Specifically for OCR
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Structure FunctionNeed for respiration folded inner membrane; site of electron transport
Cristae
Produces ATP as energy currency for:
RESPIRATION Matrix
chain
Contains Mitochondrial DNA, respiratory
• Active transport enzymes, lipids, proteins
• Metabolic reactions e.g. forming
peptide bonds in protein synthesis.
• Muscle contraction. Glycolysis
Releases
Structureheat energy for thermoregulation.
of mitochondrion 1. Glucose is phosphorylated to hexose bisphosphate by 2 ATP.
Stages of Aerobic Respiration
2. Hexose bisphosphate splits to 2 triose phosphate (TP).
• Double membrane • Glycolysis (anaerobic) - cytoplasm 3. 2 TP is oxidised to 2 pyruvate.
• Folded inner membrane forms cristae • Link Reaction - matrix 4. Pyruvate enters mitochondria via active transport.
• Fluid matrix • Krebs Cycle - matrix
Net gain: 2 reduced NAD and 2 ATP per glucose.
• Oxidative Phosphorylation – cristae
Link Reaction
1. Oxidation of pyruvate to acetate. Per pyruvate molecule: net gain of 1 CO2 (decarb.) and 2 H atoms (forming NADH2).
2. Acetate combines with coenzyme A (CoA) forming acetyl coenzyme A.
Pyruvate + NAD + CoA → Acetyl CoA + reduced NAD + CO2 .
Krebs Cycle
1. Acetyl group from Acetyl CoA is offloaded.
2. Reacts with oxaloacetate (OAA) forming citrate (6C).
3. Citrate is decarboxylated forming 5C (NAD is reduced).
4. 5C is decarboxylated & dehydrogenated forming 4C.
5. 4C forms second 4C using phosphorylation of ATP.
6. 4C forms third 4C by dehydrogenation, reducing FAD.
7. 4C forms fourth 4C (OAA) by dehydrogenation , reducing NAD.
Products of Krebs cycle Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
1. ATP by substrate level phosphorylation Series of carrier proteins embedded in membrane of cristae of mitochondria.
2. Reduced Coenzymes
3. CO2 from decarboxylation Produces ATP through oxidative phosphorylation via chemiosmosis during aerobic r.
4. Reduced NAD
5. Reduced FAD
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