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TEST BANK FOR JANEWAY’SIMMUNOBIOLOGY, 9TH
EDITIONKENNETH M. MURPHY,
CASEY WEAVE
, JANEWAY'S IMMUNOBIOLOGY, 9TH EDITION
CHAPTER 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN IMMUNOLOGY
The origins of vertebrate immune cells
1.1 Multiple choice: In patients with lymphomas, the cancer cells invade the bone marrow
and destroy the environment required for normal hematopoiesis. This leads to bone
marrow failure, which disrupts the production of hematopoietic cell lineages. All of the
following cell types would be affected by this EXCEPT:
A. Red blood cells
B. Macrophages
C. Lymphocytes
D. Endothelial cells
E. Granulocytes
Principles of innate immunity
1-1 Commensal organisms cause little host damage while pathogens damage host
tissues by a variety of mechanisms
1.2 True/False: Our immune system efficiently kills all categories of microbes that attempt to
colonize our bodies.
1.3 Short answer: Pathogenic organisms cause damage to the host by a variety of
mechanisms, depending on the category of the pathogen and its mode of replication in
the host. Give an example of two different types of pathogens that are unlikely to be
dealt with by the same mechanism of immune protection.
1-2 Anatomic and chemical barriers are the first defense against pathogens
1.4 Multiple choice: The skin and bodily secretions provide the first line of defense against
infection. One response in this category that is common during upper respiratory virus
infections is:
A. Production of antibodies
B. Infiltration by white blood cells
C. Mucus production
D. Increased saliva production
E. Fever
1-3 The immune system is activated by inflammatory inducers that indicate the presence
of pathogens or tissue damage
1.5 Short answer: A common mechanism by which sensor cells in the host detect micro-
organisms relies on the production of unique microbial components not found in the
host. Propose a strategy by which a clever microbe could evade this type of response.
1.6 Multiple choice: Adaptive immune responses are slow to develop, taking days to weeks
after exposure to reach their peak. However, these responses are more specific than
innate responses, and also generate immunological memory. These latter features,
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, which provide enhanced protection upon re-infection with the same pathogen, are the
basis of:
A. Vaccines
B. Antibiotics
C. Systemic shock
D. Complement activation
E. Phagocytosis
1-4 The myeloid lineage comprises most of the cells of the innate immune system
1.7 True/False: In the absence of an infection, most granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils,
basophils) are found circulating in the blood, whereas other subsets of myeloid cells
reside in tissues.
1.8 Short answer: Dendritic cells are phagocytic, but also capable of ingesting large
amounts of extracellular fluid and its contents, a process known as macropinocytosis.
What specialized function do dendritic cells have in immunity that might account for their
need to perform macropinocytosis?
1-5 Sensor cells express pattern recognition receptors that provide an initial
discrimination between self and nonself
1.9 Multiple choice: Some Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognize nucleic acids,
like RNA or DNA. Since our own cells contain human RNA and DNA, the activation of
innate immune pathways by these PRRs must rely on additional criteria to discriminate
self from nonself. Additional criteria include everything EXCEPT:
A. The subcellular location of the RNA
B. The presence of adenosine residues in viral RNA
C. The methylation state of the DNA
D. Unique structures found on viral RNA
E. The subcellular location of the DNA
1-6 Sensor cells induce an inflammatory response by producing mediators such as
chemokines and cytokines
1.10 Multiple choice: When macrophages in a tissue encounter bacteria, they release
cytokines that induce an inflammatory response. These cytokines act on other immune
cells, to recruit them to the site of infection and to enhance their activities. In addition,
these cytokines act on the endothelial cells of the blood vessel wall to:
A. Increase their permeability, allowing fluid and proteins to leak into the tissue
B. Solidify the tight junctions to prevent the bacteria from entering the blood
C. Proliferate, allowing the blood vessel to enlarge
D. Up-regulate microbicidal mechanisms, so they can kill bacteria
E. Secrete anti-microbial peptides
1.11 Short answer: A common characteristic of a site of infection, such as a pimple on the
skin, is pus. What is responsible for the white color of pus?
1-7 Innate lymphocytes and natural killer cells are effector cells that share similarities
with lymphoid lineages of the adaptive immune system
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, 1.12 True/False: Innate lymphoid cells and NK cells are effector cells that respond rapidly
after encountering a pathogen. Several different subsets of innate lymphoid cells exist,
and each is specialized to respond to a category of pathogen (e.g., viruses, extracellular
bacteria, helminthic parasites, etc). Innate lymphoid cells reside primarily in tissues such
as the lungs, the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, and the skin, because these sites
represent the major routes of entry of pathogens into the body.
Principles of adaptive immunity
1-8 The interaction of antigens with antigen receptors induces lymphocytes to acquire
effector and memory activity
1.13 Short answer: Most B and T lymphocytes in the circulation appear as small, inactive
cells, with little cytoplasm, few cytoplasmic organelles, and nuclei containing condensed
inactive chromatin. Yet these cells comprise the adaptive immune response, without
which individuals die in infancy. What is the explanation for this apparent dichotomy?
1.14 Multiple choice: Given the enormous heterogeneity of antigen receptors expressed on
the populations of naive B and T lymphocytes, the adaptive immune response relies on a
process whereby the rare lymphocyte that binds to the antigen is first induced to
proliferate, before it can perform its effector function. For B cells, there is a clever
mechanism that ensures that the specificity of the antibody secreted by the plasma cell
will recognize the same pathogen that initially stimulated the B cell antigen receptor and
induced B cell proliferation. This mechanism is:
A. The naive B cell expresses an array of different B cell antigen receptors, and
randomly chooses which specificity of antibody to secrete as a plasma cell.
B. The naive B cell expresses a single specificity of B cell antigen receptor, and
then up-regulates the expression of this receptor so it can bind tightly to the
pathogen.
C. The plasma cell proliferates after it has finished secreting antibody to generate
more plasma cells with specificity for the pathogen.
D. The plasma cell traps secreted antibody molecules in its extracellular matrix and
uses these antibodies to bind to the pathogen.
E. The naive B cell expresses a membrane-bound form of the antibody as a
receptor, and secretes that same antibody when it differentiates into a plasma
cell.
1.15 Multiple choice: Unlike B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes do not generate a secreted form
of their antigen receptor after they are activated and proliferate. This is because the
effector functions of T cells are restricted to:
A. Responses important in protozoan infections, but not other types of infections
B. Interactions with large helminthic parasites, which cannot be phagocytosed
C. Interactions with other cells, such as virus-infected cells or other immune cells
D. Responses important in mucosal surfaces (e.g., the lung), where antibodies
cannot go
E. Stimulating B cells and not any other types of cells
1-9 Antibodies and T-cell receptors are composed of constant and variable regions that
provide distinct functions
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