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NR 302-Week 7 EdaptCardiovascular System
Introduction to the Cardiovascular System
In 2018, one person died of cardiovascular disease every 36 seconds in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, n.d.) and 47% of Americans had at least one of three key risk factors for heart disease (Benjamin et al., 2019).
In light of these statistics, the ability of a nurse to complete a comprehensive health history and physical assessment of the
cardiovascular system is crucial to identifying and treating illness and promoting optimal health.
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
Significant risk factors for cardiovascular disease include hypertension, obesity, diabetes, coronary artery
disease, tobacco use, cerebrovascular accident (CVA; stroke), and known heart abnormalities. Having asthma does not
increase a person’s risk for cardiovascular disease.
Importance of Cardiovascular Assessment
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death for men, women, and people of most racial and ethnic groups in
the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.).
In 2018, one person died every 36 seconds in the United States from CVD. That is 2,380 CVD-related deaths each
day.
About 659,000 people in the United States die from heart disease yearly—that’s one (1) in every four (4) deaths.
Heart disease cost the United States about $363 billion annually from 2016 to 2017, including costs related to
healthcare services, medicines, and lost productivity due to death.
Health Equity and Cardiovascular Disease
Despite a recent focus on the structural drivers of health disparities in other illnesses, including cardiovascular
health and cardiovascular disease (CVD), the link between social determinants of health and health outcomes
remains understudied and incompletely understood (Powel-Wiley et al., 2022). Yet the recent COVID-19 pandemic
has brought social and racial injustice and inequity to the forefront of public health by highlighting that health equity
in the U.S. has not been achieved. In fact, one of the key non-modifiable risk factors for CVD has historically been
race or ethnicity, often considered separately from family, or genetic, history.
Cardiovascular Health History Questions
The health history of the cardiovascular system collects subjective data about the individual’s cardiac medical
history, lifestyle choices that may impact the health of both, and knowledge deficits to address with health
education.
Data collected from the health history is used by the nurse to determine the focus and depth of assessment of each
system. Review the sample questions that are used by the nurse to collect health history information related to
cardiovascular disease.
, Cardiovascular Health History
Health history data that provide cues to cardiovascular health include swelling in the legs, family history of stroke,
and childhood rheumatic illness. Items that are primarily associated with the health status of other body systems include
the color of urine (renal system), food allergies (immune system), and the number of children (female reproductive system).
Lifestyle and Cardiovascular Health
While lifestyle choices contribute to general health and well-being, the choices a person makes related to tobacco
use, weight control, level of physical activity, and nutritional intake are key to achieving and maintaining healthy
cardiac and peripheral vascular systems. In a review of multiple research studies, Sharifi-Rad et al.
(2020) summarized the cardiovascular risk factors, pre-clinical studies, and clinical trials related to the
cardioprotective properties of plant-food-derived bioactive compounds. Their analysis indicates that the
consumption of plant-food bioactive molecules poses cardioprotective effects in humans.
The assessment of lifestyle choices during the health history provides clues to an individual’s cardiovascular risk
factors, which the nurse uses to guide the physical assessment and plan health education by identifying potential
alterations in health.
Client Cardiovascular History
Cardiovascular disease can result in symptoms that include fatigue leading to changes in normal routines, such as
cleaning; shortness of breath when lying flat; and lower extremities that become swollen and painful when sitting or
standing for long periods of time. The nurse asks follow-up questions to better understand what the client is
experiencing, using the subjective data to plan a focused assessment of the cardiovascular system during the
physical assessment.
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