Summary OCR A-level Geography Disease Dilemmas Case Study - Global Eradication of Smallpox
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Course
Disease Dilemmas (H481)
Institution
OCR
Book
OCR A Level Geography Second Edition
Highly detailed case study overview of the global eradication of smallpox, including a timeline of global spread and eradication, pathology of smallpox, efforts used to control the spread and the role of the WHO. National strategies for disease control that can be used across multiple case studies ...
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Global Eradication Program
1. 1959-1966: Original plan from WHO lacked funds, personnel, commitment & donations = disease remained widespread in South America, Africa & Asia
2. 1967 Intensified Eradication Program: laboratories in endemic countries could produce more, higher-quality freeze-dried vaccine that could be administered faster & more easily using
newly developed bifurcated needle & establishment of surveillance system to detect + investigate cases + mass vaccination campaigns
3. Smallpox officially declared eradicated in 1980
4. Only 2 locations where variola virus is officially stored & handled under WHO supervision: Centres for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia + VECTOR Institute, Koltsovo, Russia
Other factors contributing to successful management & eradication of smallpox
1. Visible symptoms that appear quickly after exposure to virus = easy identification & tracking
2. Incubation period is relatively short = reduced undetected spreading
3. No host other than humans
ADDITIONAL NOTES NOT RELATED TO EXAMPLE – NATIONAL STRATEGIES (Use Ethiopia Case Study for most of this)
Key Idea 5b: Example of Smallpox to Smallpox Origins:
illustrate disease eradication at a range
of scales, at global scale o Dates back to Egyptian Empire
o Introduced into Japan in 6th Century by trade with China & Korea
Disease Fact File: o 15-18th Century - waves of colonisation each century bring smallpox
to…
- Caused by variola virus
- High fever & fatigue -> rash on face &
1. western Africa (Portuguese, 15th)
extremities -> spots become filled with clear 2. Caribbean, Central & South America (British, 16 th)
fluid, then pus -> burst to form a crust 3. North America (British, 17th)
- Contagious – spread through person-to-person 4. Australia (British, 18th)
contact & saliva droplets
- 7-17 day incubation, only infectious once fever Early Control Efforts:
develops
Originally used variolation – material from smallpox sores
- 30% chance of death
- Only spread to household members & friends
administered to unaffected patients with scratches on arm or
because normally ill and isolated by the time inhaled
they become infectious = large outbreaks Late 1790s – Edward Jenner invented vaccination for smallpox
uncommon using material from cowpox sores
- Last known outbreak due to lab accident in
Birmingham, England, killed 1 person
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