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Lecture notes Eukaryotic cells
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This document will help with your understanding of the eukaryotic cells in biology unit 1
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Eukaryotic cellsWhat are cells?
- The basic unit of life
- Cell theory:
All organisms consist of cells
All cells come from pre existing cells
Studying cells is studying life itself
Prokaryotic cells
- Prokaryotes are single celled organisms
- Prokaryotic cells are much smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells , they don’t have any
membrane bound organelles such as nucleus or mitochondria in their cytoplasm
- Prokaryotic cells are less than 2um across, eukaryotic cells can be up to 100um across
- They believed to be the most primitive cells
Eukaryotic cells
- Cells with membrane bound organelles are called eukaryotic cells
- Highly specialised and complex cells
- Specialised cells lose some functions
- Cells such as leucocytes in humans and palisade mesophyll cells in plants are eukaryotic
- In order to see sufficient detail in these cells an electron microscope is needed
Animal cells – contain many different organelles
Plant cells – contain the same organelles as animal cells, but also have:
- A cellulose cell wall
- A vacuole
- Chloroplasts
Algal cells – these photosynthesise like plants
- They can be unicellular such as chlorella, but they can also be multicellular like seaweeds
- Algal cells are very similar to plant cells and have chloroplasts and a cellulose cell wall , but
no large vacuole
- However, their chloroplasts are a different shape and size to plant cells
Eukaryotes
- Very little detail can be seen with a light microscopes
- Highly specialised and complex cells
- Make up all plants and animals, yeasts
- Possess membrane bound organelles
- May lose some functions
Functions of organelles
Plasma membrane – membrane found on the surface of animal cells and just inside the cell wall of
plant cells and prokaryotic cells
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