Introduction to optometry foundation year at city university of london Introductory biological sciences module Lesson 14 about the cardiovascular system. Everything you need to know about the cardiovascular system in the course.
Cardiovascular system
Cardiovascular disease is the 1st and 3rd leading cause of death eg, heart disease and
stroke
Most cardiovascular diseases involve changes in blood vessels (vasculature)
Forms of cardiac disease
Pericarditis
- inflammation of pericardium
- Chest pain occurs when irate during layers of
the pericardium rub against each other
Valve defects
- stenosis and regurgitation
Defects in specialised exciters and conductive muscle system
- too fast (Tachycardia)
- Too slow (bradycardia)
- Ectopic pacemaker (AV node)
- Partial of total heart block
- Arrhythmia arising in ventricles
(ventricular fibrillation)
Hypertension
- chronically elevated blood pressure
Assorted congenital heart defects
- Ventricular septal defects (hole in the heart), superior part of the
interventricular septum falls to form; thus blood mixes between two ventricles,
development of single ventricle - 1 in 500 births
- Coarctation (narrowing) of the aorta, this increases the workload on the ventricle,
occurs 1 in 1500 births
, Blood vessels
Vascular system is 100,000 km
network with 3 types of blood
vessels
Arteries (away from heart, veins
(towards the heart), capillaries
(transfer of substances)
Arteries carry oxygenated blood
in systemic system, and
deoxygenated blood in
pulmonary system (vise versa in
veins)
Arteries and
veins decrease in size w/ distance from the
heart
Structure of veins and arteries
- central lumen, surrounded by a wall, for
all but smallest vessels, wall consists of 3
tunics (layers)
- Outer tunica external: loose collagen
fibres + accessories (nerve fibres, lymphatic
vessels, even tiny blood vessels)
- Central tunica media: smooth muscle &
elastin for vasoconstriction (lumen diameter decrease) and
vasodilation (lumen diameter increase) - regulated by
sympathetic nerve fibres from the ANS- useful for regulating
blood pressure & blood flow
- Inner tunica intima: primarily simple squamous epithelium
(endothelium)
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