Human Growth and Development exam with verified solutions.

Growth & Development 1. Measurable (Easier to measure) -height -weight -head circumference -dental -development of sexual characteristics -development of physical characteristics 2. Harder to measure -Changes in: -intellectual -mental -emotional -social -functional Skills Life Stages -Infancy= birth to one year -Early Childhood= 1-6 years -Late Childhood= 6-12 years -Adolescence= 12-18 years -Early Adulthood= 19-40 years -Middle Adulthood= 40-65 years -Late Adulthood=65+ years. Infancy (birth-1 year) -Most rapid and significant growth period of life. -Weight Triples! Ex. Avg newborn weighs 6-8 # Avg 1 year old weight 21-24 # -Muscle and Nervous Systems develop rapidly. Primitive reflexes we are born with 1. Moro (Startle) reflex 2. Rooting reflex 3. Sucking reflex 4. Grasp reflex 5. Babinski reflex 6. Stepping reflex Physical development milestones: 2-4 months- -Rolling from side to side -Grasp objects -Prop on elbows when on prone (on stomach) 4-6 months- -Turn body around -Hold bottle -Hold head up while sitting 6-8 months- -Sit unsupported - Transfer object from one hand to other. - Crawl on stomach (commando crawl) 8-10 months- -Crawl on hands and knees -Pull to Sitting or Standing position -Put things in months with hands 12 months- -Walk -Use thumb and all fingers to grasp -Throw objects -10-12 teeth Vision is poor at birth but good up close by one year. Senses of hearing/smell/taste all improve over first year. Mental development- -Cry in response to discomforts (hunger/pain/cold/hot) -From unable to speak to cooing-laughing-squealing-understanding-speaking dada/mama-use single words. Emotional development- -Newborns show excitement -progress to distress/delight/anger/fear -affection present by one year. Social Development- -Progresses gradually from self centerdness to recognition of others. -by 4 months- recognize caregivers -by 6 months-watch others, shy with strangers - by 1 year-socialize freely with familiar people. Mimic facial expressions and Sounds. Early Childhood (1-6 years) Physical Development -slower pace than during infancy. -Avg weight of a six year old is 45#. -muscle system and coordination allow for Gross motor skills of: running/jumping/climbing Fine motor skills of: -using of a fork/knife/writing -2-3 year olds have most of baby teeth -2-4 year olds can control bowel/bladder (potty trained) Mental Development -Rapid advancement -Verbal progress from few words to 2,000 words. -two year olds have short attention spans but interested in everything. -Four year olds ask LOTS of questions recognize some letters and words. -Six year olds read and write. Emotional Development -Rapid Advancement -Two year old have self awareness. Impatient and frustrate easily at what they can't do. -4-6 year olds gain more control over emotions. -Understand right from wrong. -6 year olds less fearful of new situations. Social Development: -progress from self-centered 1 year old to a social six year old. -strongly attached to parents -enjoy company of others but possessive -Tend to play next to rather than with someone -like to have friends their own age. Late Childhood (6-12 years) aka "preadolescence" Physical Development -Slow but steady growth. -avg weight gain/year = 4-7# -avg ht. gain/yr=2-3 in. -Able to perform complex motor tasks -Most primary teeth lost and permanent teeth erupt -Visually acuity is at its peak -Some 10-12 year olds begin to develop secondary sex characteristics. Mental Development -Rapid advancement due to school speech/writing/reading -learn to use information to solve problems -Understand abstract concepts -Honesty/Values/Morals/Loyality -Better at making judgement. Emotional Development -Fears replaced with ability to cope better. Social Development: -7 year old prefer individual activities to groups but want approval of others. -8-10 year olds are interested in groups of their gender. More ready to accept options of others. Learn to conform to rules and behavior standards. 10-12 year olds tend to make friends more easily. Increased awareness of the opposite sex. Less dependency on parents.. Adolescence (12-18 years) Physical Development: Most dramatic changes -Growth spurts can cause inc. in wt of up to 25# and inc in ht of several in. in just a few months time. -Usually @11-13 years old in females -Usually @ 13-15 years old in males -Muscle coordination is slow and can lead to awkwardness or clumsiness. -Puberty-development of secondary sex characteristics due to secretion of sex hormones. Mental Development: -Increasing Knowledge and Sharpening skills. -Learn to make decisions -Learn to accept responsibility for actions. -conflict at times due to being told to "grow up" but being treated as a child. Emotional Development -often turbulent -trying to establish identity -Often uncertain and feel insecure -worry about appearances, abilities and relationships with others. -start to focus on what they want to become. Social Development -Spends less time with family and more with friends/peers. -Seek security with people who have similar problems and conflicts. -Peer groups can foster growth inhibit it.