Chapter 05: Blood Gas Assessment Des Jardins: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment of Respiratory Disease, 8th Edition questions and answers 100% verified.

Chapter 05: Blood Gas Assessment Des Jardins: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment of Respiratory Disease, 8th Edition questions and answers 100% verified. B. 35 to 45 mm Hg -The normal PaCO2 range is 35 to 45 mm Hg; below this is hypocapnia, and above this is hypercapnia. - correct answers.Which of the following would be a normal person's arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2)? a. 25 to 35 mm Hg b. 35 to 45 mm Hg c. 45 to 60 mm Hg d. 60 to 80 mm Hg A. 35 to 45 mm Hg -A normal person's PaO2 is 35 to 45 mm Hg. Higher values could only be achieved by giving the person supplemental oxygen. - correct answers.Which of the following would be a normal person's venous oxygen pressure (PaO2)? a. 35 to 45 mm Hg b. 45 to 80 mm Hg c. 80 to 100 mm Hg d. 100 to 120 mm Hg D. 1: Acidic pH, 2: Near-normal bicarbonate level, 4: High carbon dioxide level D. 1, 2, 4 -An alkaline pH could be caused by hyperventilation. Ventilatory failure with a high CO2 level would cause an acidotic pH, with a near-normal bicarbonate level. - correct answers.Which of the following will likely be seen in the arterial blood gas values of a patient with acute ventilatory failure? 1. Acidic pH 2. Near-normal bicarbonate level 3. Alkaline pH 4. High carbon dioxide level a. 1, 4 b. 2, 3 c. 2, 3, 4 d. 1, 2, 4 C. PaO2 of about 60 mm Hg or less -A lower than normal PaO2 of about 60 mm Hg or less will stimulate the peripheral chemoreceptors. These chemoreceptors will not be stimulated by pain or anxiety, normal PaCO2, or normal venous pH. - correct answers.What causes stimulation of the peripheral chemoreceptors to increase the ventilatory rate? a. Pain or anxiety b. PaCO2 of about 40 mm Hg c. PaO2 of about 60 mm Hg or less d. Venous pH of 7.30 to 7.40 D. Work efficiency -Although the exact mechanism is unclear, the patient slowly develops a breathing pattern that uses the least amount of oxygen for the energy expended. In essence, the patient selects a breathing pattern based on work efficiency rather than ventilatory efficiency. - correct answers.A patient has had chronic ventilatory failure for several years. What is the primary factor that determines her breathing pattern? a. Muscle efficiency b. Ventilatory efficiency c. Heart function d. Work efficiency A. metabolic acidosis. -An anion gap of 15 or higher would indicate a metabolic acidosis. The normal gap is 9 to 14 mEq/L. - correct answers.An anion gap of 17 would indicate: a. metabolic acidosis. b. respiratory alkalosis. c. respiratory acidosis. d. metabolic alkalosis. D. 1: diabetic ketoacidosis, 3: lactic acidosis, 4: renal failure. D. 1, 3, 4 -Shallow breathing from a sedative overdose would cause a respiratory acidosis. All of the other options would cause a metabolic acidosis. - correct answers.Common causes of metabolic acidosis include: 1. diabetic ketoacidosis. 2. shallow breathing from a sedative overdose. 3. lactic acidosis. 4. renal failure. a. 1 b. 2, 3 c. 2, 3, 4 d. 1, 3, 4 D. High bicarbonate level and high carbon dioxide level -A high bicarbonate level and high carbon dioxide level are found in a stable patient with long-standing obstructive lung disease. The other options are associated with other acid-base disorders. - correct answers.Which of the following would be found in a stable patient with long-standing obstructive lung disease? a. Low bicarbonate level and low carbon dioxide level b. Low bicarbonate level and high carbon dioxide level c. High bicarbonate level and low carbon dioxide level d. High bicarbonate level and high carbon dioxide level C. 2: vomiting, 3: excessive sodium bicarbonate administration, 4: gastric suctioning. C. 2, 3, 4 -Renal failure does not cause metabolic alkalosis. - correct answers.Common causes of metabolic alkalosis include: 1. renal failure. 2. vomiting. 3. excessive sodium bicarbonate administration. 4. gastric suctioning. a. 1, 3 b. 2, 4 c. 2, 3, 4 d. 1, 2, 3 A. hypoxemia. -The most common cause of acute alveolar hyperventilation is hypoxemia. The decreased PaO2 seen during acute alveolar hyperventilation usually develops from a decreased ventilation-perfusion ratio, capillary shunting, or venous admixture associated with a pulmonary disorder. The PaO2 continues to drop as the pathologic effects of the disease intensify. Eventually the PaO2 may decline to a point low enough (a PaO2 of about 60 mm