Chapter 24: Evolution of Genes and Genomes

BIOL:1411 Test File Review Questions The Science of Biology, Ninth Edition Chapter 24: Evolution of Genes and Genomes TEST FILE QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. Fish use high-voltage discharges a. to locate prey. b. to communicate with other individuals. c. to stun prey. d. All of the above e. None of the above Answer: d Textbook Reference: 24.0 Shocking evolution Page: 498 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 2. The precursors to the genes that cause the electric discharges in the electric organs of some fish evolved from genes that were involved in . a. calcium channel; muscle contraction b. calcium channel; neuronal activity c. sodium channel; muscle contraction d. sodium channel; neuronal activity e. NMDA channel; neuronal activity Answer: c Textbook Reference: 24.0 Shocking evolution Page: 498 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 3. Which of the following statements about the “living battery” electric organ possessed by some fish is true? a. It is composed of derived muscle cells called electrocytes. b. Its development involved modification of sodium channels. c. The signals produced by these organs are the same in all species with the organ. d. Both a and b e. Both b and c Answer: d Textbook Reference: 24.0 Shocking evolution, Page: 498 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 4. Genomes consist of a. protein-coding genes only. b. protein-coding genes and regulatory sequences. c. protein-coding genes and noncoding DNA. d. protein-coding genes, regulatory sequences, and noncoding DNA. e. regulatory sequences and noncoding DNA. Answer: d Textbook Reference: 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? Page: 499 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 5. The capacity for an allele to interact well with other genes of the genome will affect whether this allele will persist in the population. This phenomenon is an illustration of which of the following evolutionary forces or principles? a. Genetic drift b. Genomic drift c. Natural selection d. Concerted evolution e. Biased gene conversion Answer: c Textbook Reference: 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? Page: 499 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 6. Humans and chimpanzees both have large brains because their common ancestor had a large brain. Thus, their large brain size is considered a(n) trait. a. analogous b. aligned c. homologous d. coincident e. coordinate Answer: c Textbook Reference: 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? Page: 500 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 7. Which of the following statements about molecular evolution is true? a. Almost all genes evolve at the same rate. b. All nucleotide substitutions give rise to amino acid replacements. c. Changes in the amino acid sequence of a protein can change its charge, but not its secondary structure. d. All of the above e. None of the above Answer: e Textbook Reference: 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? Page: 500 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 8. A hypothetical protein sequence taken from humans is 161 amino acids long. The homologous sequence in chimpanzees is 160 amino acids long. Which of the following is most likely needed to align the sequences? a. A single substitution b. A parallel substitution c. A gap d. A similarity matrix e. An amino acid replacement Answer: c Textbook Reference: 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? Page: 501 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 9. –12. In a hypothetical experiment, researchers split a bacterial colony in two, allowing each of the new colonies to evolve separately. They then sequenced a gene from colony 1 and colony 2. 9. In the common ancestor, the nucleotide at site 56 is A. In colony 1, it changes to C; in colony 2, it changes to T. This is an example of a substitution. a. single b. coincident c. parallel d. back e. multiple Answer: b Textbook Reference: 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? Page: 501 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 10. In the common ancestor, the nucleotide at site 167 is T. In colony 1, it changes to C; in colony 2, it remains T. This is an example of a substitution. a. single b. coincident c. parallel d. back e. multiple Answer: a Textbook Reference: 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? Page: 501 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 11. In the common ancestor, the nucleotide at site 327 is G. In colony 1, it changes to C; in colony 2, it also changes to C. This is an example of a substitution. a. single b. coincident c. parallel d. back e. multiple Answer: c Textbook Reference: 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? Page: 501 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 12. Detection of which of the following types of substitutions requires knowing the sequence of intermediates between the common ancestor and the descendant colonies, in addition to that of the two colonies and the common ancestor? a. Coincident substitutions b. Back substitutions c. Multiple substitutions d. Both a and b e. Both b and c Answer: e Textbook Reference: 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? Page: 501 Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 13. Which of the following changes is a transition? a. A change from A to G b. A change from T to C c. A change from T to G d. A change from C to G e. Both a and b Answer: a Textbook Reference: 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? Page: 501 Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 14. Which of the following changes is a transversion? a. A change from A to G b. A change from C to T c. A change from G to A d. All of the above e. None of the above Answer: e Textbook Reference: 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? Page: 501 Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 15. Which of the following usually does not lead to undercounting the real number of substitutions? a. Parallel substitutions b. Back substitutions c. Single substitutions d. All of the above e. None of the above Answer: c Textbook Reference: 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? Page: 501 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 16. Which of the following statements is true? a. Transitions are more common than transversions. b. A purine changing into another purine is a transversion. c. A pyrimidine changing into a purine is a transition. d. Both a and b e. Both b and c Answer: a Textbook Reference: 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? Page: 501 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 17. A similarity matrix gives us a measure of the number of changes that have occurred during the divergence between pairs of organisms. a. minimum b. maximum c. most likely d. All of the above e. None of the above Answer: a Textbook Reference: 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? Page: 501 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 18. Regions of a DNA sequence that are invariant across diverse animals are most likely a. subject to transversions. b. under strong stabilizing selection. c. incapable of alignment. d. pseudogenes. e. undergoing silent substitutions. Answer: b Textbook Reference: 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? Page: 502 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 19. Which of the following is not a reason that bacteria would be especially useful for laboratory studies of molecular evolution? a. Substitution rates are related more to chronological time than to generation time. b. They can be cultured in large numbers. c. They have short generation times. d. Their genomes can be sequenced more easily than those of multicellular eukaryotes. e. All of the above make bacteria useful for laboratory studies of molecular evolution. Answer: a Textbook Reference: 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? Page: 502 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 20. Which of the following statements about the Rainey and Travisano experiments on Pseudomonas bacteria is true? a. The static cultures had a constantly uniform environment. b. No phenotypic evolution occurred in the static cultures. c. Molecular evidence showed that the same phenotype could arise from many genotypes. d. Both a and b e. None of the above Answer: c Textbook Reference: 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? Page: 503–504 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding