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Solutions Manual Biochemistry 1st Edition by Roger L. Miesfeld, Megan M. McEvoy Test Bank
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Solutions Manual Biochemistry 1st Edition by Roger L. Miesfeld, Megan M. McEvoy Test Bank
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,,2 C HAPT ER 1 Long Answe rs to R evi ew Qu es ti on s
Micro RNA regulates messenger RNA translation and thus gene expression.
Ribosomal RNA is contained in ribosomes. Transfer RNA molecules carry
amino acids to the ribosome and are required for protein synthesis.
11. Mutations in a gene will result in changes to the mRNA transcript. When
the altered mRNA is translated into a protein, the protein can have changes
in its amino acid sequence. Addition of the wrong amino acid can lead to
protein denaturation (unfolding) or loss of function, resulting in breakdown
of biochemical pathways, which can lead to disease or death.
12. Gene duplication can lead to new genes or higher survivability of individuals
containing duplicated genes. If doubling the amount of gene product
(protein) increases the fitness of an organism, the second copy of the gene
is maintained by evolution. However, if no fitness advantages accrue from
doubling the amount of gene product, the duplicated gene is free to mutate
into another gene that could confer new fitness advantages to an organism.
In other cases, this gene could be removed by natural selection if it confers,
or is mutated to confer, deleterious qualities to an organism.
, Long Answers to
Challenge Problems
Chapter 1
1. (a) Pyruvate → acetaldehyde + CO2 (pyruvate decarboxylase).
(b) Acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ → ethanol + NAD+ (alcohol
dehydrogenase). (c) Acetaldehyde is a product in (a) and a reactant
in (b).
2. Buchner (1) used a different strain of yeast than Pasteur
used, (2) prepared the yeast extract using quartz mixed with
diatomaceous earth (kieselguhr) rather than glass, and (3) his
extract buffer contained glucose, which fortuitously served as the
carbon source for fermentation.
3. The total number of dodecanucleotides that can be synthesized is
412 = 16,777,216.
The total number of tetrapeptides that can be encoded is 204 =
160,000.
4. Amylose is a polymer of glucose containing α(1→4) glycosidic
bonds that can be cleaved by the human enzyme amylase
to produce glucose. However, cellulose is a glucose polymer
containing β(1→4) glycosidic bonds that are cleaved by the
enzyme cellulase, an enzyme that humans do not have. The reason
why horses can digest cellulose is that they have intestinal bacteria
expressing cellulase that is secreted into the gut and aids the horse
in digestion of plant material.
5. Liver cells and skeletal muscle cells both contain insulin receptors,
but only liver cells contain glucagon receptors; skeletal muscle
cells do not.
6. mRNA: 5′ – AAAAAAUUUAAAUUU – 3′
Protein: NH3+-Lys-Lys-Phe-Lys-Phe-COO−
7. Germ-line mutations that occur outside of protein-coding
sequences can persist in the germ line if they do not cause
a defect in genome stability or regulation; these are called
neutral mutations. However, germ-line mutations that occur
3
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