millimeter (mm) - Answer 10^-3
micrometer (um) - Answer 10^-6
nanometer - Answer 10^-9
Microbes - Answer Organisms and acellular agents too small to be seen by the unaided eye
Robert Hooke - Answer made first compound microscope, coined the term "cell"
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek - Answe...
MIBO 3500 Final Exam With Complete Solution millimeter (mm) - Answer 10^-3
micrometer (um) - Answer 10^-6
nanometer - Answer 10^-9
Microbes - Answer Organisms and acellular agents too small to be seen by the unaided eye
Robert Hooke - Answer made first compound microscope, coined the term "cell"
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek - Answer built single-lens magnifier, first to observe single-felled microbes
Francesco Redi - Answer meat and maggots research, disproved theory that microbes spontaneously generated
Lazzaro Spallanzani - Answer also disproved the spontaneous generation theory, used broth covered and uncovered
Louis Pasteur - Answer proposed the germ theory of disease, idea that the transmission of microbes is what causes disease, also used Swan neck flasks and broth to disprove spontaneous generation
germ theory of disease - Answer idea that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, important features: transmission, pure culture, colonies
Robert Koch - Answer Father of microbiology, four postulates to establish link between specific microbe and a disease Koch's first postulate - Answer Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease and absent from healthy organisms
Koch's Second Postulate - Answer Microbe must be isolated and grown in pure culture
Koch's Third Postulate - Answer Same disease must result when organism is inoculated in healthy host
Koch's Fourth Postulate - Answer Same microorganism must be isolated from 2nd diseases host
Limitations of Koch's Postulates - Answer Some have immunity, some illnesses have multiple causes/strains, and, since you can't inoculate humans, a disease that only affects humans would be difficult to test
Lady Montagu - Answer Introduces smallpox inoculation in 1717
Edward Jenner - Answer Smallpox vaccine (furthers Lady Montagu's work)
Florence Nightingale - Answer Used medical statistics to demonstrate the significance of mortality due to
disease during the Crimean War
Alexander Fleming - Answer discovered penicillin
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain - Answer Purified penicillin
Sergei Winogradsky - Answer Discovered lithotrophs, developed enrichment cultures, and built the Winogradsky column
Detection - Answer The ability to determine the presence of an object Magnification - Answer An increase in the apparent size of an image
Resolution - Answer Ability of a microscope to distinguish two objects as separate
light microscope - Answer -bright-field
-dark field
-phase contrast
-fluorescence
compound microscope - Answer A light microscope that has more than one lens
bright-field microscopy - Answer Ocular lens (10x), condenser, objective lens, total magnification is equal to the product of the ocular lens magnification times the objective lens, can see microbes but can't tell much about sample
Limitations of bright-field microscopy - Answer -0.2 um between objects is best a bright-field microscope can resolve
-staining can kill cells
-refraction reduces resolving power (immersion oil as a remedy)
-LITTLE DIFFERENCE IN COLOR INTENSITY BETWEEN SAMPLE AND BACKGROUND for low contrast
dark-field microscopy - Answer Microbes visualized as halos of bright light against darkness
Allows detection of narrow cells (.1 um) unresolved in bright-field with a good contrasting image
Limitations of dark-field microscopy - Answer -dust particles can be mistaken as objects
-light shines at an oblique angle
-only light scattered by sample reaches objective phase-contrast microscopy - Answer Allows refractive differences in cell components to be transformed into differences in light intensity (allows you to see internal components)
Fluorescence microscopy - Answer For specimens with added dye or naturally photosynthetic microbes
Fluorophores - Answer Chemical compounds that absorb/emit light of specific wavelengths; can be a dye
or protein
Fixation - Answer Heat and chemicals retain morphology but inactivate enzymes
basic dyes - Answer Positively charged - examples: methylene blue, crystal violet, and safranin
- often used in the surface of a cell
RED after staining
acidic dyes - Answer Negatively charged
- examples: eosin, rose bengal
- used on positively charged samples
BLUE after staining
simple staining - Answer color added to specimen
Differential staining - Answer gram staining, acid-fast staining, endosphere staining
Gram staining - Answer Has to do with cell wall properties
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