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Notities European Overseas Expansion
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Dit zijn de notites/samenvatting van de lessen European Overseas Expansion in Global History in het Nederlands.
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European overseas expansion inglobal history
Contents
Les 1.......................................................................................................................................................5
Historische relevantie van de impact van de Europese Expansie......................................................5
Wat is Europese expansie?............................................................................................................5
Is de EX iets goed of slecht?...........................................................................................................6
Historiografie.................................................................................................................................7
Perspectieven................................................................................................................................7
Methodologie................................................................................................................................8
Les 2.......................................................................................................................................................8
Hoofdstuk 1: the Origins....................................................................................................................8
Northern Atlantic...........................................................................................................................8
Before Columbus – Felipe Armesto...............................................................................................8
Europe and Asia.............................................................................................................................9
De kruistochten.............................................................................................................................9
Christendom..................................................................................................................................9
Rol van de kruisvaarderstaten.......................................................................................................9
De Italianen..................................................................................................................................10
Koloniale expertise......................................................................................................................10
Pax Mongolica..............................................................................................................................10
The Red-Sea bottle-neck..............................................................................................................10
Van de Mediterraanse naar de Atlantsiche..................................................................................11
Knowledge...................................................................................................................................11
Navigatie......................................................................................................................................11
Ships............................................................................................................................................12
Les 3: de Portugezen............................................................................................................................12
Waarom Spanje en Portugal............................................................................................................12
Castilië.............................................................................................................................................12
Portugal...........................................................................................................................................13
Ceuta...............................................................................................................................................13
Along the coast of Africa..................................................................................................................13
Guinea.............................................................................................................................................13
, Rond de kaap...................................................................................................................................14
De Vasco da Gama expeditie...........................................................................................................14
Calicut..............................................................................................................................................15
Estado da India................................................................................................................................15
Limieten van de estado....................................................................................................................15
Technische superioriteit of geluk?...................................................................................................16
Marginale impact van het beginnende icorporatie-systeem...........................................................16
Kennis van India...............................................................................................................................16
Brazilië.............................................................................................................................................16
Angola..............................................................................................................................................16
Les 4.....................................................................................................................................................17
Hoofdstuk 4: de Spanjaarden in Amerika........................................................................................17
Castilië.........................................................................................................................................17
Columbus.....................................................................................................................................17
Naar het westen..........................................................................................................................17
Afgewezen in Portugal.................................................................................................................18
Onder Spaanse vlag.....................................................................................................................18
De reize van Columbus................................................................................................................18
Columbus’ error...........................................................................................................................18
Ontdekken...................................................................................................................................19
Magellan......................................................................................................................................19
De Conquista: het Azteekse rijk...................................................................................................20
De Conquista: het Inca Rijk..........................................................................................................20
Factoren van de overwinning......................................................................................................20
Kolonisatie...................................................................................................................................21
Requerimiento 1513....................................................................................................................21
Relatie met de inheemse bevolking.............................................................................................21
De las Casas.................................................................................................................................21
Koloniale administratie................................................................................................................21
Commerciële administratie..........................................................................................................22
Economisch systeem....................................................................................................................22
Vale un Potosi..............................................................................................................................22
Carrera de India...........................................................................................................................22
Agricultuur...................................................................................................................................23
Steden..........................................................................................................................................23
Missionarissen.............................................................................................................................23
,Les 5.....................................................................................................................................................23
Hoofdstuk 6: Nothwest European initiatives...................................................................................23
First explorations.........................................................................................................................23
Kapers en smokkelaars................................................................................................................24
De grote handelscompagnieën....................................................................................................24
V.O.C............................................................................................................................................24
De W.I.C.......................................................................................................................................25
The great design..........................................................................................................................25
De E.I.C.........................................................................................................................................25
The West Indies...........................................................................................................................26
Noord-Amerika............................................................................................................................26
Frankrijk.......................................................................................................................................26
Les 6.....................................................................................................................................................27
Hoofdstuk 6: common tendencies and conflicts..............................................................................27
Europese expansie of expansies?................................................................................................27
6.1 Koloniale conflicten................................................................................................................27
Spanje tegen de rest....................................................................................................................28
Engeland – Nederland..................................................................................................................28
Engeland vs Frankrijk...................................................................................................................28
Seven years’ war (1756-1763)......................................................................................................29
Britse success...............................................................................................................................29
Velden van interactie...................................................................................................................29
The Columbian Exchange.............................................................................................................29
Handelsnetwerken...........................................................................................................................30
Spices...........................................................................................................................................30
Edelmetalen.................................................................................................................................30
Textiel..........................................................................................................................................31
Suiker...........................................................................................................................................31
Andere producten........................................................................................................................31
Een commercieel systeem...........................................................................................................32
Het Atlantische systeem..............................................................................................................32
Commercieel systeem (2)............................................................................................................32
A.G. Frank....................................................................................................................................32
Veranderend beeld van de wereld...............................................................................................32
Etnografische kennis....................................................................................................................33
Verlichting en kolonialisme..........................................................................................................33
,Les 7: Afrika.........................................................................................................................................33
Europeans and Afrika.......................................................................................................................33
Innovatie..........................................................................................................................................33
Europeans in Afrika..........................................................................................................................34
Historiography on slave trade..........................................................................................................34
Slave trade in Africa.........................................................................................................................35
Oorsprong van Europese slavenhandel...........................................................................................35
The Caribbean..................................................................................................................................35
Algemene evolutie...........................................................................................................................35
Organisatie.......................................................................................................................................36
Gevolgen..........................................................................................................................................36
Demografische impact.....................................................................................................................37
Politieke gevolgen............................................................................................................................37
Sociale gevolgen..............................................................................................................................37
Cultural impact................................................................................................................................37
Les 8.....................................................................................................................................................38
Hoofdstuk 8: de Europese impact op Amerika................................................................................38
Europese impact op Amerika.......................................................................................................38
De Amerikaanse populatie...........................................................................................................38
Socio-etnische relaties.................................................................................................................38
Spaans Amerika: conversie en civilisatie......................................................................................38
Spaans Amerika : gemengde gemeenschappen...........................................................................38
Koloniale elites.............................................................................................................................38
Engelse kolonies: segregatie........................................................................................................38
Exlusie van natives.......................................................................................................................39
Caribbean: de praktijk van de slavernij........................................................................................39
Koloniale samenleving.................................................................................................................39
Slavernij en racisme.....................................................................................................................39
Spaanse en Engelse systeem in vergelijking.................................................................................39
Het Spaanse galljoen....................................................................................................................40
Het Engelse schip.........................................................................................................................40
Les 9.....................................................................................................................................................40
Hoofdstuk 10: gevolgen voor Azië...................................................................................................40
Azië voor Europa..........................................................................................................................40
De impact van de Europese aanwezigheid...................................................................................41
Relaties met grote koninkrijken...................................................................................................41
, Handel..........................................................................................................................................41
Zuidoost-Azië...............................................................................................................................41
China............................................................................................................................................42
Japan............................................................................................................................................42
Culturele impact..........................................................................................................................43
Les 10...................................................................................................................................................43
De gevolgen voor Europa.................................................................................................................43
Politieke gevolgen........................................................................................................................43
Economische interacties..............................................................................................................43
Import..........................................................................................................................................43
Export..........................................................................................................................................44
Economische interacties..............................................................................................................44
Verandering in het beeld van de wereld......................................................................................44
Etnografische kennis....................................................................................................................44
Verlichting en kolonialisme..........................................................................................................45
Les 11...................................................................................................................................................45
Vooruitzichten.................................................................................................................................45
Verder dan 1800..........................................................................................................................45
The scramble for Africa................................................................................................................45
De ideologie van de Europese heerschappij................................................................................45
De industriële revolutie...............................................................................................................46
Kapitalistisch wereldsysteem.......................................................................................................46
Les 1
Historische relevantie van de impact van de Europese Expansie
Wat is Europese expansie?
o Terminology: Pedro de Gante was in de 16 de eeuw een missionaris in Spaans
Amerika. In het denken van de 20ste eeuw gaan we hem een imperialist noemen. Er
zijn dus verschillende termen in het verleden en heden.
o Overseas -> Dus niet Rusland want deze had het grootste continentale rijk maar niet
overzees.
o 1980’s: European expansion; geschiedkundige denken als een systematische manier
-> verschillende verhalen komen samen. Is een algemene term die de
wereldgeschiedenis sinds Columbus beschrijft.
o Fenomeen met verschillende gezichten.
o Verschillende initiatieven – but closely related. Voorbeelden: Portugal die
probeerden een handelsmonopolie te halen. Spanje die de nieuwe wereld
, perongeluk ontdekten en deze wereld dan moesten integreren in hun systeem. De
Nederlanden die zochten voor handelroutes door private intitiatieven.
- In Global History?
o De Europese expansie is een cruciale stap in de global history.
- Kaart dia 4
o Kolonialisme heeft zijn hoogtepunt is 19/20 ste eeuw = terminologie
- Francisco Lopez de Gomara
o Historia General de las Indias
o Ontdekkers waren er zich in de 16de eeuw zeer van bewust dat hun ontdekkingen
van groot belang waren. -> Gomara zegt dan ook dat de ontdekking van de Nieuwe
Wereld belangrijkste gebuertenis is sinds de creatie van de wereld/incarnatie van
God.
o ‘Nieuwe’ wereld want het is heel verschillende van de ‘Oude’ wereld.
- William McNeill
o 20ste eeuw
o Hij zegt eigenlijk dat de ontdekking van Amerika cruciaal is geweest als centrale as
van de moderne geschiedenis.
- Chaudhuri
o Man uit India
o Zegt dat de Europese expansie te danken was aan de overzeese maritieme macht en
administratie.
- Braudel
o dé-frontièrisation du monde”: we hadden een wereld met verschillende rijken,
religies, etc -> door expansie kwamen deze samen = globalisatie
- Abernethy
o Benadrukt eveneens het belang van de koloniale overheersing door Europa
o Notie van een global enclosure movement: religie, manier van naar de natuur
kijken,..
- In Global History...
o Complex verhaal dat leidt tot Europese dominantie in de 19 de eeuw
o Kolonialisme is een lineair concept van ontdekking tot kolonisatie
o Verspreiding van de wereldhandel : Atlantische driehoekshandel/ Atlantic System ->
privaat initiatief!
o ‘Modern World System’: Wallerstein -> start kapitalisme
o Globalisatie = verbindingen: contacten zijn gemaakt leidden tot een stijging in de
uitwisseling van ideeen, goederen, ziektes...
Is de EX iets goed of slecht?
Momenteel een groot discussiepunt -> in hoeverre zijn we verantwoordelijk voor de misdaden van
onze voorvaders? Vele slechte dingen en daden maar ook goede dingen uit de expansie te halen. Het
is neit aan ons om te oordelen, maar te analyseren.
- Adam Smith
o Vader van het moderne economisch denken
o Handel is goed voor de wereld, uitwisseling leidt tot winst.
o Zegt ook wel dat er voor natives vele beschadigingen/damage was.
o Europeanen veel zwakker dan andere bevolkingen
o World trade = mutual exchange but damage has been done
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