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Hot Concentrated Acidified Manganate(VII) Solution (KMnO4)
Addition Polymerisation
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Halogenoalkane:
Subsitution (nucleophilic substitution):
Aqueous Alkali (OH- (aq)): CH3CH2Br + NaOH → CH3CH2OH + NaBr / CH3CH2Br +
H2O → CH3CH2OH + HBr (Heated under reflux)
Alcohol produced
KCN (CN- (in ethanol)): CH3CH2Br + CN- → CH3CH2CN + Br- (heated under reflux)
Addition of carbon atom
Nitrile produced
Ammonia (NH3 (in ethanol)): CH3CH2Br + NH3 → CH3CH2NH2 + HBr (heated)
Alkylamine produced
Mechanism:
Primary Halogenoalkane (SN2): S stands for substitution, N stands for nucleophilic, 2
is the rate of reaction; depends on both conc. of halogenoalkane and hydroxide
ions present.
Tertiary halogenoalkanes (SN1): two-step mechanism, where a carbocation is
produced, due to the stability of the carbocation – due to the inductive effect of the
alkyl groups attached to the C atom; depends on only the conc. of the
halogenoalkane (slow-step)
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