Summary
Samenvatting Ontwerpen van Interactieve Systemen (OIS)
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Nederlandse Samenvatting van alle colleges van OIS, Informatiekunde UU
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OIS samenvattingInhoud
College 1............................................................................................................................................1
College 2............................................................................................................................................4
College 3............................................................................................................................................7
College 4..........................................................................................................................................13
College 5..........................................................................................................................................18
College 6..........................................................................................................................................23
College 7..........................................................................................................................................26
College 8..........................................................................................................................................30
College 9..........................................................................................................................................34
College 10........................................................................................................................................37
College 11........................................................................................................................................43
College 1
Human factors:
1. Geheugen
2. Aandacht
3. Menselijke fouten
4. Informatieverwerking
5. Situated action
6. Distributed & embodied cognition
7. Perceptie
Geheugen en aandacht: herinneren, vergeten
Long term memory:
- Levels of Processing (LoP), Recall vs. Recognition
Vergeten: “Availability” en “Accessibility”
- Availability: is het er?
- Accessibility: kun je erbij?
Vergeten uit Working memory:
- Decay (het vervaagt), Displacement (vervanging)
Vergeten uit Long term memory:
- Decay, Interferentie, Retrieval failure (onjuiste cue)
Geheugen en aandacht: recognition vs. Recall
Externalization
- Representation with relevant feedback
, - Remembering certain task-related knowledge is unnecessary
- This relieves working memory (low cognitive load)
Internalization
- No support: Task-related information is unavailable on the interface
- It needs to be internalized (high cognitive load) and stored in memory
- Knowledge in memory of user is more solid and detailed (recall, not recognition)
Geheugen en aandacht: Aandacht
Selectieve aandacht
- Zaken missen
Verdeelde aandacht
- Bv. in multitasking
Geheugen en aandacht: Theorieën
- Bottleneck
- Capacity Allocation
- Automatic & controlled processing
Geheugen en aandacht: Bottleneck theorieën
Broadbent 1958
,vb. cognitief model
- componenten en interactie
- gebaseerd op experimenten
beperkingen
- maar één kanaal
- hoe verdeel je je aandacht?
Geheugen en aandacht: Capacity Allocation
- Aandacht is gelimiteerd, maar verdeelbaar over verschillende processen
- Capacity allocation model van Kahnemann (1973)
- Centrale begrip: ‘allocation policy’
- bepaald door
o enduring dispositions
o momentary intentions
o evaluation of demands on capacity
- beperking model
o hoe wordt op basis hiervan keuze gemaakt?
Geheugen en aandacht: Automatic & controlled processing
Schneider en Shifrin (1977) onderscheiden
- automatic processing
o standaardtaken
o vragen weinig capaciteit
- controlled processing
o onbekende en moeilijke taken
o vragen veel capaciteit
- moeilijke taak die je oefent kost steeds minder capaciteit
Geheugen en aandacht: Menselijke fouten
Slips: er gebeurt iets anders dan dat je gepland had
- Storage failure (bv. iets dubbel doen)
- Test failure (wat deed ik ook alweer)
- Subroutine failure (vergeet attachment)
- Discrimination failures (start word ipv. outlook)
- Programme assembly failures (save mail, delete attachment)
Cognitie & actie: Distributed Cognition
Traditionele cognitieve psychologie:
- kennis in het hoofd
Distributed cognition:
- kijk naar de wereld, denkprocessen vinden plaats in de interactie
o Met andere mensen
, o Met de fysieke (machine) omgeving
o Kennis in het hoofd EN kennis in de wereld
Cognition & action: Embodied cognition
- Lichaam integraal deel van alles
- Het lichaam beïnvloedt de geest
- Veel van ons denken is embodied
- Cognitieve processen zijn diep geworteld in lichamelijke interacties met de wereld
College 2
PACT
- Mensen gebruiken technologieën om activiteiten te verrichten in een omgeving
- People – Activities – Contexts – Technologies
PACT elementen
Mensen
- Fysieke verschillen
- Psychologische verschillen
- Mentale modellen
- Sociale verschillen
- Verschillen in attitude
Activiteiten
- Tijdsaspecten
- Samenwerken
- Complexiteit
- Veiligheid
- Aard van de content
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