Q1 General Chemistry 1st Quarter Exam Reviewer ABC Quipper
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This 23-page Study Guide is based on the Quipper lessons for General Chemistry 1 from Unit 1: Matter to Unit 2: Separating Mixtures. Terms are highlighted in Yellow and Definitions are highlighted in Blue.
Contents:
Unit 1: Matter
Lesson 1.1: Particulate Nature of Matter
Lesson 1.2: Propert...
General Chemistry 1 1st Quarter Reviewer
Unit 1: Matter
Lesson 1.1 Particulate Nature of Matter
Matter
- is anything that has mass and volume. It may exist in various states such as solid, liquid, or
gas. Different states of matter vary in characteristics but one thing that is common among
them is the fact that they are composed of tiny particles.
Atoms
- are the building blocks of matter. These particles are constantly moving and have a unique
arrangement in each state of matter.
Ancient Views on Matter: Greek philosophers who speculate the nature of matter
● Thales of Miletus (625–547 BC) - speculate that the basic composition of matter was
water since this material is found almost everywhere.
● Anaximenes (585–525 BC) - proposed that matter was made up of air since its existence
is more fluid than water.
● Heraclitus (535–475 BC) - opposed these ideas as he believed that matter was made up
of fire, since this element is a good representation of a “changing world.
● Empedocles (430–387 BC) - combined the ideas of previous philosophers about the
nature of matter. According to him, aside from water, air, and fire, matter was made up of
earth too. This started the notion that matter was made up of four primal
elements—water, air, fire, and earth.
● Aristotle (384–322 BC) - a renowned and influential philosopher during his time,
expounded the idea of Empedocles. He described each element as a balance between two
qualities. For instance, air, which is hot and wet, will be converted to fire when dried while
maintaining heat.
- suggested that all space is filled up with matter, thus, implying that there are no
empty spaces. Since matter is not void, this means that it is divisible and can be cut
into pieces over and over again. This started the principle of continuity of matter
➢ Continuity of Matter - matter can be broken down into pieces and as you do
so, you will not be able to obtain its smallest part
● Leucippus (500 BC) and his student Democritus (460–370 BC) - Prior to Aristotle’s
assumptions about the nature of matter
- thought that all materials are made up of tiny bits of matter which cannot be divided
further. The tiny indivisible part that makes up a matter is known as atom which
came from the Greek word atomos which means indivisible. This idea paved the
way in establishing that matter is made up of particles instead of a primal material.
This also started the principle of discontinuity of matter.
➢ Discontinuity of Matter - wherein matter cannot be further divided into
smaller bits once the ultimate particle of matter (atom) is obtained.
There are four main ideas in the particulate nature of matter:
1. Matter is composed of discrete particles.
2. There is an empty space between particles of matter.
3. The particles of matter are in constant motion.
4. There are forces that act between the particles.
,Discrete Particles of Matter
Matter is made up of distinct particles. These particles may be in the form of molecules, atoms,
or ions.
● Atoms - the tiny indivisible part that makes up a matter
- are the building blocks of matter. These are tiny indestructible particles that usually
possess unique characteristics that define a certain matter.
- is neutral by nature, but when it becomes charged—either positively or negatively—it
becomes an ion.
● Ion - is a particle or group of particles that are charged. A negatively charged ion is called
anion while a positively charged ion is called cation.
● Molecules - are particles that are made up of two or more atoms that are chemically
combined
Empty Space between Particles
The particulate nature of matter debunks the idea of Aristotle that there are no empty spaces. The
particles that make up matter have spaces in between them. These spaces may be little or
huge, depending on the kind of matter.
Motion of Particles
- matter is they are in constant motion.
- The speed and direction of moving particles vary in each kind of matter.
- The spaces between particles also dictate the kind of movement that particles in matter can
do. For instance, matter with compact particles will have vibratory motion compared to the
fast and random movement of particles that are far apart from one another.
- Temperature can affect the movement of particles in matter. With an increase in
temperature, particles in matter gain kinetic energy. The higher the kinetic energy of the
particles, the faster its movement. Thus, increasing the temperature of matter enables its
particles to move swiftly as well.
- As the temperature increases, particles gain kinetic energy which results in their fast
movement.
Forces between Particles
Intermolecular forces or forces
- that exist between particles may be attractive or repulsive.
- a water droplet is able to maintain its shape due to the attractive forces that exist
between its particles.
- water droplets are seen sliding down outside the glass of a cold drink due to the repulsive
force that exists between the water particles and glass particles.
The Particulate Nature of the Three States of Matter
Property Compared Solid Liquid Gas
Arrangement of compact and close together but not far apart and
Particles arranged in an orderly arranged in an orderly arranged randomly;
manner; very little manner; moderate huge spaces between
spaces between spaces between particles
particle particles
Intermolecular Forces strong moderate very minimal
Motion of Particles vibrating in fixed sliding past one moving quickly and
, positions another randomly
Energy of Particles low moderate high
📌 Remember:
Increasing the temperature of matter results in the gain in energy of its particles. As particles of
matter gain energy, the rate of their motion increases too, which alters their original
arrangement. The alteration in the arrangement of particles in matter results in phase change.
Lesson 1.2 Properties of Matter
All matter possesses properties or characteristics that make them unique. Properties of matter
may be categorized as physical or chemical.
General Properties of Matter
General properties of matter - the characteristics of matter that are present in all kinds of matter
Specific property of matter - when a property is observable only in a particular kind of matter
The fundamental properties that are used to describe matter are: mass, volume, weight,
density, and specific gravity.
● Mass - refers to the amount of matter in an object. This describes how much matter
comprises a material.
- This describes how much matter comprises a material.
- Matter is made up of discrete particles; thus, the amount of particles present in the
material also measures its mass.
- is usually expressed in grams (g) or kilograms (kg).
● Weight - is the measure of force that acts on an object. It is expressed as the amount of
matter (mass) multiplied by the gravitational force that acts on it. Thus, the greater the
gravitational force that acts on an object, the “heavier” it weighs
- it is expressed in newtons (N).
● Volume - the amount of space occupied by matter.
- this property of matter can be measured using instruments with graduations or by
getting the dimensions of the object and applying mathematical equations.
- Volumes of liquids are often expressed in milliliters (mL) or liters (L). Volumes of
solids are often expressed in cubic centimeters (cm³ ) or cubic meters (m³ ).
● Density - is a physical property that expresses the ratio between mass and volume
- tells how compact an object is.
- is often expressed in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³) or grams per cubic
centimeter (g/cm³).
● Specific gravity - is the ratio of a substance’s density to a standard substance. This is the
reason why it is also known as relative density.
- it is a dimensionless quantity wherein no physical dimension is assigned.
Physical Properties of Matter
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