Very poor quality information, lots of grammar mistakes.
By: hawkinsella2002 • 6 months ago
This is not the case as the notes are summaries and are in bullet points so grammar is irrelevant. This customer was extremely rude and didn’t read what she ordered. All the information is derived from the module.
Seller
Follow
hawkinsella2002
Reviews received
Content preview
Haematology Metabolism Cheat Sheet
Metabolic Syndrome
Three types of diabetes
o Type one - autoimmune attack
o Type two - Metabolic syndrome
o Gestational Diabetes
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of medical disorders that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes
and cardiovascular disease
o Factors that contribute include obesity, insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia
Obesity and Diabetes
Obesity causes defective insulin responsiveness leading to insulin resistance
o This results in compensatory beta cell function leading to hyperglycaemia
Obesity causes insulin resistance due to inflammatory, adipocrine and lipid stress
Sulphonylureas also trigger insulin secretion by binding to SUR1 subunits of K ATP channels
which closes them
Reactive Oxygen Species
ROS have unpaired electrons
The production of free radicals required NADPH
A one electron reduction yields a superoxide anion radical which reacts with anything it
bumps into
o Oxygen + Ie- = superoxide
A two electron reduction yields hydrogen peroxide
A singlet oxygen is formed when one electron is excited to a higher energy level
Transition metals donate or accept free electrons via intracellular reactions to help create
free radicals
SOD is an enzyme that catalyses the dismutation of the superoxide radical into either
molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide
In the mitochondria, ROS cause
, o Redox signalling
o Mitochondrial dysfunction
o Apoptosis and necrosis
o Disease and ageing
ROS Measurements
ROS are measured using
o Fluorescent probes
o Mass Spec probes
o ESR probes - spin of unpaired electrons can be detected using ESR spectroscopy
Small fluorescent probes are used to detect superoxide
o These include DCFH and hydroethidine
Hydroethidine can target mitochondria using MitoSOX
Free radicals can be stabilised using spin traps
o Spin traps covalently bind free radicals producing adducts that can be detected by
electron spin resonance
Cellular Respiration
Proton slip is a decrease in pumping efficiency due to partial and variable decoupling of
chemical reaction and proton transfer
Proton leak is when proton return to the matrix independently of ATP synthase
o Uncoupling proteins act as channels to let protons flow
Electron leak is the exit of electrons prior to the reduction of oxygen to water at cytochrome
C oxidase causing a production of superoxide
Electron slip is where electrons are transferred through respiratory complexes without
pumping protons into the intermembrane space
Fenton’s Reaction
In Fenton's reaction, the ferrous and/or ferric cation decomposes catalytically hydrogen
peroxide to generate powerful oxidizing agents
Capable of generating both hydroxyl radicals and higher oxidation states of iron causing free
radical damage
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller hawkinsella2002. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.62. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
