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MIBO 3500 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS FULLY SOLVED & UPDATED 2023.
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MIBO 3500 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS FULLY SOLVED & UPDATED 2023.
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MIBO 3500 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS FULLYSOLVED & UPDATED 2023
Genome - answer all the genetic material the organism contains
Vertical transmission - answer -from parent to offspring
-same species (binary fission)
Horizontal transmission - answer -transfer of small pieces of DNA from one cell to another
-different or same species
1) transformation
2) conjugation
3) transduction
Transformation - answer The process of importing free DNA into bacterial cells, cells need to be
competent to do this (dead bacteria to live)
Dr. Griffith - answer -studied streptococcus pnemoniae in mice
-"bacteria can transfer info" to each other
Genetic Material Transfer - answer -S strain on agar plate leads to illness, and isolation of S
colonies
-R strain is not fatal, and isolation of R colonies
-Heat-killed S strain prevents illness and no isolation of colonies
-heat-killed S + living R caused disease and both "S" and "R" were recovered (info sharing
between dead "S" and "R")
,How did smooth and rough strains recover if the smooth strains were dead and only the rough
were alive? - answer -"R" picked up genes from the dead "S" (transformation) and became
pathogenic
Structure of bacterial genomes - answer -circular; nucleoid condensed in middle of cell
-"S" strain has capsule (outer sugar)
-"R" strain no capsule
Conjugation - answer -horizontal gene transfer between two lives cells that requires cell-cell
contact, pili, and the presence of special transferable plasmids
-bacteria looks for another that does not have the same surface proteins or plasmid
Relaxase - answer Binds to coupling protein to feed DNA into the pillus for conjugation
Size of prokaryotic genomes - answer ~130-14,000 kb (human = >3 million kb)
How does bacteria fit all of the DNA into the cell? - answer the DNA gets supercoiled
Compared to humans, how much of the DNA in bacteria consists of non-coding regions? -
answer very little; bacteria is less than 15% non-coding, while humans are more than 90% non-
coding
Operon - answer gene that can operate independently or together with others
Monocistronic mRNA - answer mRNA that codes for a single type of protein (bacteria and
eukaryotes)
polycistronic mRNA - answer Single bacterial RNA molecule that encodes more than one
polypeptide chain (bacteria)
, Regulons - answer a collection of genes or operons with a unified biochemical purpose (ie. sugar
catabolism)
RPOS regulon - answer "Starvation" regulon (helps bacteria survive starvation)
Positive supercoiling - answer DNA is overwound, which is more stable, but keeps the DNA from
being replicated; most often in archaea with a low pH and high temp
Negative supercoiling - answer DNA is underwound; most often in bacteria, archaea, and
eukaryotes
What is in charge of supercoiling DNA? - answer Topoisomerases
Type I Topoisomerases - answer usually single proteins; cleaves one strand of DNA
Type I Action - answer 1) Type I protein comes in onto original strand and introduces cut in DNA
2) Ligase reseals the cut
3) Less # of supercoils than original strand
(can also introduce supercoils, not simply cut them)
Type II Topoisomerases - answer have multiple subunits; cleave both strands of DNA
ie. DNA gyrase
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