Exam (elaborations)
PECT Module 2 Pre-K-4 graded A+
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PECT Module 2 Pre-K-4 graded A+
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PECT Module 2 Pre-K-4pragmatics - ANSSound: speech that has interaction,conversation
semantics - ANSMeaning: literal meaning of words
syntax - ANSStructure: words or phrases that form sentences
Morphology - ANSwords; study of words affixes, prefixes, suffixes
Phonological Awareness - ANS*is a broad skill that includes identifying and manipulating units
of oral language - parts such as words, syllables, and onsets and rimes
*refers to the specific ability to focus on and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in
spoken words
How do you know if a Phonological Awareness? - ANSChildren who are able to identify and
make oral rhymes, can clap out the number of syllables in a word, and can recognize words with
the same initial sounds like 'money' and 'mother.'
Phonetics/Phonics - ANSEyes and ears-letters that becomes spelling of words and the sounds
of spoken language
Scientific-Based Reading Research/
5 Essential components of Literacy - ANS1. Phonemic Awareness
2. Phonics
3. Fluency
4. Vocabulary
5. Comprehesion
# 1. Phonemic awareness - ANSAwareness of Sound (ears Only)-is the ability to isolate and
identify the first sound (phoneme) of a word
-the understanding that spoken words are made up of separate units of sound that are blended
together when words are pronounced
-the ability to hear a sound and know what letter it represents w/o a visual
-hearing and saying that the word cat has 3 sounds(phonemes) /k/ /a/ /t/
Phonemes - ANS*are the sounds that make up spoken words
*don't think of phonemes as the sounds that letters make but as the sounds of speech that can
be represented by letters-
Phonemes Examples - ANSthe word NO; /n/ /o/ has 2 phonemes
the word EIGHT; /a/ /t/ has 2 phonemes
,the word STRAIGHT; /s/ /t/ /r/ /a/ /t/ has 5 phonemes
Graphemes - ANSare phonemes that are represented in written language; they can be single
letters /b/ or clusters of letters that represent single sounds th, sh, oo, ough,
How to develop Phonemic Awareness ? (in order) - ANS1. Isolating Phonemes
2. Blending Onset and Rime
3. Blending Phonemes
4. Deleting Phonemes
5. Segmenting words into Phonemes
6. Adding Phonemes
7. Substituting Phonemes
Isolating Phonemes - ANSstudents identifying specific sounds at B, M, E of words ex; what is
the first sound in dog? /d/
blending onset and Rime - ANSthe onset is the leading consonant in the syllable and the rime is
the vowel and following consonants. ex; what word can you make when you blend /s/ with
...and.... Sand
blending phonemes - ANSstudents blend phonemes to form real words ex; what word is made
from blending these sounds /b/ /a/ /t/?
Deleting Phonemes - ANSstudents identify the word that remains when a phoneme is deleted
ex; what word is left when we drop the /s/ from stop?
Segmenting words into Phonemes - ANSstudents break a word into its individual sounds by
counting the sounds or by moving a marker for each sound ex; show me how many phonemes
are in the word BAKE?
/b/ /a/ /k/ 3 phonemes
Adding Phonemes - ANSstudents make new words by adding a phoneme to a word. ex: what
word do you get when you add /b/ to the word /ring/? bring
Substituting phonemes - ANSstudents make new words by replacing a specific phonemes with
another. ex; Say the word /bag/. Now change the /b/ to /r/ and what does it spell? rag
Systematic instruction in Phonemic Awareness - ANSmore difficult skills should be taught later.
ex; in order to add or substitute phonemes a child must be able to isolate and blend phonemes.
How does PA help young children to learn to read? - ANSit helps children to use more of an
advanced ways of learning new words. faster stronger connections help produce more proficient
readers
, What are the 4 developmental phases that describe how children learn new words? -
ANSPre-alphabetic phrase
Partial alphabetic phrase
Full alphabetic phrase
Consolidated alphabetic phrase
Pre-alphabetic phrase - ANSchildren form connections bt visual features of a word in print and
its pronunciation and meaning. Ex; McDonald's
Partial alphabetic Phrase - ANSthe child makes connection bt some of the letters within a word
as it appears in print and the meaning and pronunciation is stored in the oral vocabulary
Full alphabetic phrase - ANSthe child makes connections bt the full sequence of letters and the
words meaning and pronunciation...children learn faster when they are able to match speech
sounds or phonemes with letters they see in print
Consolidated alphabetic phrase - ANSchildren are able to use the idea that a sequence or
cluster of letters(-tion,-ake,trans-) can be used in many different words to represent the same
series of phonemes
2 ways PA plays key roles in the processes readers use to recognize unfamiliar words -
ANSusing phonemes in decoding
using phonemes in new word learning
Using Phonemes in Decoding - ANSDecoding is used to describe how the reader translates
"graphemes into Phonemes and then blends the phonemes to form words with recognizable
meaning"
Using Phonemes in New Word Learning - ANSwords become sight words when the reader has
formed a strong connection bt the sequence of letters and the word's spelling, pronunciation and
meaning as it is stored in the readers oral vocabulary.
What are some Key ideas for teaching PA? - ANS1.Assess the kinds of PA tasks students are
able to do and plan accordingly
2.Focus on one or two PA skills at a time
3.Allocate a reasonable amount of time to PA instruction
4. Emphasize segmenting words into phonemes
5. Working with small groups
6.Use letters when teaching about Phonemes
7. Connect PA to reading and writing
8. Use manipulatives
9.Focus attention on how the mouth changes when pronouncing different phonemes
10. Use spelling to teach Phonemes
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