Summary Chemistry Organic notes Part 1 Edexcel IGCSE
6 views 0 purchase
Course
Science
Institution
GCSE
Part 1 of organic chemistry notes for Edexcel IGCSE covering alkanes and their reactions, isomerism, fractional distillation and pollution. See part 2 for alkenes etc. and the rest of organic chemistry. Notes were made from the specification, so cover everything and have helped me achieve grade 9 -...
Organic Chemistry (Part 1 – Alkanes):
Homologous Series - a family of compounds represented by the same general formula
General formula - represents whole number ratios of atoms of different elements for a homologous series
Molecules in a homologous series contain the same functional group:
Functional group - atom or group of atoms that define the chemical properties of a homologous series
Hydrocarbon - compound contain hydrogen & carbon ONLY
Saturated - contains single bonds only
Unsaturated - contains double bond(s)
Crude oil - a mixture of hydrocarbons
Fraction - a mixture of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points
Structural isomerism – molecules with the same molecular formula and different displayed formula
Types of formula:
Type What it shows Example (of Butane)
General Whole number ratio of atoms in a homologous series CnH2n+2
Empirical Simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound C2H5
Molecular Actual number of atoms of each element in a compound C4H10
Displayed Shows all bonds between atoms (diagram)
Structural Shows no bonds, but rather each compound, carbon by carbon CH3CH2CH2CH3
Prefixes based on the number of carbon atoms:
No. Of Carbon atoms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Prefix Meth- Eth- Prop- But- Pent- Hex- Hept- Oct- Non- Dec-
Features of a Homologous series:
• They display a gradual trend in physical properties
• Have similar chemical properties
• Represented by the same General Formula
• Contain the same Functional Group
• Differ by CH2 each time (shown by the structural formula)
ALKANES: a homologous series
• simplest family of hydrocarbons
• Saturated - atoms are connect by single covalent bonds
• General formula: CnH2n+2
• For every n number of carbon atoms, there are 2n+2 hydrogen atoms
• All alkane names end in '-ane'
• Burn in oxygen in combustion reactions
• Undergo substitution reactions (with halogens) in the presence of UV light
• The first 4 alkanes (Methane, ethane, propane, butane) are all gases at room temperature
No. Of carbon atoms Name Displayed formula Structural formula Molecular formula
1 Methane CH4 CH4
2 Ethane CH3CH3 C2H6
3 Propane CH3CH2CH3 C3H8
4 Butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 C4H10
, 5 Pentane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 C5H12
6 Hexane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 C6H14
SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS:
E.g., Methane will react with Bromine in the presence of UV
light in a substitution reaction
Dot & cross diagram for Methane and bromine
- The structure type is simple molecular, with covalent
bonding
- In this reaction, a hydrogen atom in the alkane is replaced (substituted) by a halogen atom (in this case Bromine)
- The replaced hydrogen atom then forms a bond with the remaining halogen atom
In this example:
Another example: Reaction between Propane and chlorine in the presence of UV light.
NOMENCLATURE & ISOMERISM:
(structural) Isomers:
• Have the same number of atoms of each element
• 'iso' means 'same', like in 'isotopes'/'isometric
triangle'
• Can be described as a 'branched chain'
Carbon chains can be rearranged into structural isomers.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller jShahExams. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $6.36. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
