BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE DR. C IUPUI EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024|GUARANTEED SUCCESS

biorhythm inherent timing mechanism that controls or initiates biological processes biological clock -neural system that times behavior -allows animals to anticipate events before they happen Brainpower 0:04 / 0:15 free-running rhythm the internally generated rhythm observed in individuals living in the absence of time cues entrainment the process of altering the free-running cycle to fit a different rhythm zeitgeber a stimulus (usually the light of dawn) that resets the biological clock that is responsible for circadian rhythms jet lag a disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones suprachiasmatic nucleus a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that responds to light-sensitive retinal proteins; causes pineal gland to increase or decrease production of melatonin, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness retinohypothalamic pathway a pathway leading from the retina of the eye to the hypothalamus; provides light information necessary for the maintenance of circadian rhythms melatonin a hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness Electroencephalogram (EEG) electrical brain graph that records electrical activity through the skull or from the brain and represents graded potentials of many neurons beta brain waves brain wave patterns associated with alert wakefulness alpha brain waves brain wave patterns associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness REM sleep Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. NREM sleep non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep atonia flaccidity; lack of muscle tone; relaxation of muscle insomnia recurring problems in falling or staying asleep drug-dependency insomnia condition resulting from continuous use of "sleeping pills"; drug tolerance also results in deprivation of either REM or NREM sleep, leading the user to increase the drug dosage sleep apnea a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings narcolepsy a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times cataplexy a sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion sleep paralysis inability to move during deep sleep owing to the brain's inhibition of motor neurons hypnogogic hallucinations dream-like auditory or visual experiences while dozing or falling asleep microsleep a brief episode of sleep that occurs in the midst of a wakeful activity consolidation the process by which memories become stable in the brain explicit (episodic) memory consolidation with NREM sleep implicit (e.g., motor skills) memory consolidation with REM sleep place cell hippocampal neuron that fires when a rat is in certain location in an environment reticular activating system large reticulum (mixture of cell nuclei and nerve fibers) that runs through the center of the brainstem electricity a form of energy caused by the movement of electrons negative pole the source of electrons; higher charge positive pole location to which electrons flow; lower charge electrical potential an electrical charge measured in volts; the ability to do work through the use of stored potential electrical energy volt a measure of a difference in electrical potential voltmeter a device that measures the difference in electrical potential between two bodies microelectrode -a very fine electrode, generally used to record activity of individual neurons -a set of electrodes small enough to place on or into an axon ocilloscope a device that can produce graphs to represent sound waves cation positively charged ions anions negatively charged ions voltage gradient difference in charge between two regions that allows a flow of current if the two regions are connected diffusion movement of ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through random motion concentration gradient differences in concentration of a substance among regions of a container that allows the substance to diffuse from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration equillibrium -efflux of chloride ions down the chloride concentration gradient is counteracted by the influx (inward flow) of chloride ions down the chloride voltage gradient -equilibrium is reached when the concentration gradient of chloride ions on the right side of the beaker is balanced by the voltage gradient of chloride ions on the left action potential a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon resting potential the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane four charged particles take part in producing the resting potential -Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) •Higher concentration outside cell -Potassium (K+) and large proteins (A−) •Higher concentration inside cell maintaining resting potential - Large A- molecules cannot leave cell: make inside negative - Ungated channels allow K+ and Cl− to move into and out of cell more freely, but gated sodium channels keep out Na+ ions - Na+ - K+ pumps extrude Na+ from intracellular fluid and inject K+ hyperpolarization the movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction -usually due to the inward flow of chloride ions or outward flow of potassium ions