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Final CCHT Exam Questions and Answers 100% correct 2023
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Exam of 47 pages for the course CCHT at CCHT (Final CCHT Exam)
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Final CCHT ExamAbscess - answer An abscess is an infection under the skin. It looks lika blister or
pimple filled with fluid or pus. If needles are inserted into or near an abscess, infection
of a dialysis access or other tissues may occur.
Access - answer An access -vascular access- is a route into the bloodstream that
allows enough blood flow for hemodialysis. For permanent access, a surgeon connects
a vein to an artery.
This can be done directly - fistula- or with a piece of synthetic tubing - graft. For short
term access, a catheter may be placed in a large central vein. - answer
Acid - answer An acid is substance with a pH below 7.0 that can donate a hydrogen
ion -H+. In the human body, acids form when protein and other foods are broken down
by cell metabolism.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - AIDS - answer
Acute Kidney Failure - answer Acute kidney failure has a sudden onset. It is most
often caused by an illness, injury, or toxin that stresses the kidneys. Some patients who
survive acute kidney failure can recover kidney function. Others die or go on to develop
chronic kidney failure.
Alum - answer Alum is an aluminum compound. It is often added to city water
supplies to remove sediment and make the water clearer.
Aluminum can build up in the bodies and brains of dialysis patients. Aluminum in
dialysis water must be kept at low levels with water treatment. - answer
Aluminum-Related Bone Disease - ARBD - answer ARBD is cause by long-term
exposure to aluminum. Aluminum builds up in the tissues at the point where new bone
forms and be seen on X-ray. Sources of aluminum include dialysis water, medications,
and cookware.
Phosphate binders with aluminum are also a source, but these are rarely used today.
Symptoms of ARBD can include deep bone pain, muscle weakness, and fractures. -
answer
Amyloidosis - answer Amyloidosis occurs when aproteingcalled beta-2-microglobulin
-B2M- builds up in soft tissues, bones, and joints. The deposits can cause joint and or
,bone pain. High-flux membranes and or noctournal hemodialysis remove more B2M,
which may help prevent or treat this problem.
Anaphylaxis - answer Anaphylaxis is a fast severe immune response to an allergen.
Hives, itching, or wheezing may occur. Anaphylactic shock may cause blood pressure
drop; change in heart rhythms or arrest; and swelling of the lips, tongue, and throat.
This problem can be fatal.
Anastomosis - answer An anastomosis is a surgical connection beteen two blood
vessels. Dialysis needles should not be inserted into the area of the anastomosis in a
fistual or graft.
Adsorb - answer Adsorb means to attract and hold. The dialyzer membrane adsorbs
blood proteins to the walls of the hollow fibers during a treatment.
This can make reused dialyzers more biocompatible than new ones - if bleach is not
used to remove the protein coating. - answer
Advance Directives - answer Advance directives outline a patient's wishes for
medical treatment in case he or she becomes too ill to make such choices. A living will
is one type of advance directive.
The patient's family and other members of the care team should be told of the patient's
wishes when an advance directive is done and given a copy to keep. - answer
Afferent - answer means toward an organ.
Air Detector - answer The air - or foam detector checks blood in the venous line of
the extracorporeal circuit for air. Air in a patient's bloodstream can stop the blood flow or
heartbeat, causing death.
If the detector finds air, an alarm will sound, the blood pump will stop, and the venous
bloodline will clamp to keep air from reaching the patient. - answer
Air Embolism - answer An air embolism occurs when air bubbles enter the
bloodstream and flow into a vessel small enough to be blocked by the air. The air in the
vessel acts like a clot, blocking the flow of blood.
Dialysis machines have an air detector on the venous bloodline to help prevent this
problem, which can be fatal. - answer
Albumin - answer Albumin is a blood protein. Lo serum albumin levels -<3.5 g/dL-
may mean a patient is undernourished. Malnutrition is a common in dialysis patients
and raises their risk of death.
,Anemia - answer Anemia is a shortage of oxygen-carrying red blood cells. It causes
sever fatigue, trouble with metal focus, reduced immune function, and many other
problems.
Anemia is common in kidney failure due to less erythropoietin, iron deficiency, and loss
of blood through tests and dialysis itself. - answer
Anesthetic - answer An anesthetic is a drug that numbs the body to reduce pain.
Local anesthetics can be injected into a spot, such as the skin around a puncture site,
before needle placement. Or, gels or creams can be put on the skin to prevent pain at
that site.
Aneurysm - answer An aneurysm is a ballooning or bulging of a weak spot in a blood
vessel. Severe bleeding can occur if an anerurysm ruptures, so great care must be
taken with a patient who has one. Aneurysms can occur if needles are placed too often
into the small area of a fistula.
Angioplasty - answer Angioplasty is a procedure to open a narrowed blood vessel -
stenosis. It may be used for vascular access repair. A small balloon is threaded through
the vessel into the access and gently inflated to push the walls of the vessel open.
Anion - answer An anion is a negatively-charged ion.
Antegrade - answer Antegrade means forward-moving. In dialysis, it means in the
direction of blood flow. The venous needle should always be placed antegrade. The
arterial needle is placed antegrade or retrograde, though there is some evidenc that
antegrade is better. .
Anticoagulant - answer An anticoagulant is a blood-thinning drug used to keep clots
from forming. Anticoagulants, such as heperain, are used to prevent clotting in the
extracorporeal circuit during hemodialysis.
Antidiuretic Hormone- ADH - answer Antidiuretic hormone - ADH or vasopressin- is
released by the pituitary gland in the brain. ADH helps prevent excess fluid loss by
telling healthy kidneys to reabsorb water. ADH also tells the blood vessels to constrict -
tighten.
Apical Pulse - answer The apical pulse is felt on the chest wall over the heart.
Apnea - answer Apnea is a period when breathing stops.
Arterial Pressure - answer In hemodialysis, arterial pressure is measured in the
extracorporeal circuit between the arterial needle and the dialyzer.
, Pre-pump arterial pressure is measured from the patient's access to the blood pump.
Post-pump arterial pressure is measured after the blood pump, but before the dialyzer. -
answer
Arrhythmia - answer An arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat. It may be felt as an
extra pulse or heard over the heart.
Arterial pressure Monitor - answer A pressure sensor monitors pre-pump arterial
pressure in the extracorporeal circuit between the patient's access and the blood pump.
A post-pump arterial pressure monitor measures pressure beten the blood pump and
the dialyzer.
If the pressure reading is outside of set limits, an alarm will sound and the blood pump
will stop. - answer
Arterialize - answer When a fistual is made, strong arterial blood flow causes the
vein to arterialize - it dilates - widens, thickens and becomes more muscular, like an
artery.
Arteriovenous -AV-Fistula - answer In dialysis, an arteriovenous fistula is a link
beteen an artery and a vein under the skin of an arm or leg to provide access to the
blood. The force of blood from the artery makes the vein larger and thicker.
After a fistual matures, it can be punctured with dialysis needles and will allo the blood
flow rates needed for dialysis. - answer
Arteriole - answer An arteriole is a small artery.
Artery - answer A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart at high
pressure. Arteries bring oxygenated blood to each part of the body.
Artificial - answer Artificial means man-made. The dialyzer is called an artificial
kidney. A piece of artificial vein is used to create a dialysis graft.
Ascites - answer Ascites is a build - up of fluid inthe abdomen caused by liver
damage, heart failure, malnutrition, or infection. Special ultrafiltration and other methods
- i.e. drainage may be needed to remove it.
Asepsis - answer Asepsis is the absence of pathogens.
Aseptic - answer Aseptic means sterile or germ-free.
Aseptic technique - answer Aseptic technique is a series of steps used to maintain a
germ-free environment. The steps include washing hands before touching things in
sterile packages, touching sterile objects only to other sterile objects, cleaning blood
ports or the patient's skin with disinfectant before placing a needle,
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