FULL EXAMS FOR NR 503 2023/2024

FULL EXAMS FOR NR 503 2023/2024 health disparities - CORRECT ANSWER-differences in health outcomes among groups Population - CORRECT ANSWER-A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area How are outcomes measured? - CORRECT ANSWER-the end result after treatment/intervention that describes a patients health status social justice theory - CORRECT ANSWER-relates advocacy, health disparities and outcomes (equality) primary intervention - CORRECT ANSWER-an intervention that occurs before the onset of the disease secondary intervention - CORRECT ANSWER-after disease but before symptoms *screening* health inequity - CORRECT ANSWER-a difference or disparity in health outcomes that is systematic, avoidable, and unjust Social Justice - CORRECT ANSWER-the defense of human dignity by ensuring that essential human needs are met and that essential human rights are protected for all people Campaign for Action - CORRECT ANSWER-limit health disparities across the nation Sources of epidemiological data - CORRECT ANSWER-HP 2020, Quick Health Data Online System, NCHS, AAMC, Health Equity Screening and Diagnostic Tests - CORRECT ANSWER-** population specific ** should be tested and have available statistics that speak to their specificity, sensitivity, and + predictive value Speceficity - CORRECT ANSWER-Patients DO NOT have disease and were given negative test results Sensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-Patients who DO have disease AND are given positive test results Sensitive to the truth + predictive value - CORRECT ANSWER-Probability that a person with a + result truly does have the disease descriptive epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWER-collection and analysis of data: what, who, where, when, why/how (causes, risk factors, modes of transportation) causation - CORRECT ANSWER-A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable. tertiary intervention - CORRECT ANSWER-rehabilitation to the highest level of functioning (prevents disease from getting worse) Provider determining to use a screening test? - CORRECT ANSWER-used to reduce morbidity/mortality by detecting diseases early. (pap smear, mammogram, ect) Determined by: -Sensitivity and specificity are measures of a test's ability to correctly classify a person as having a disease or not having a disease. Predictive Value: the probability of having the disease. Found at: CDC how is descriptive epidemiology used? - CORRECT ANSWER-investigates health problem, used to change natural HX of disease, tracked by database Causation - CORRECT ANSWER-A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable. surveillance - CORRECT ANSWER-Used to monitor changes typically with infectious disease and is used for ongoing systematic collection Determinants of health - CORRECT ANSWER-the range of personal, social, economic , and environmental factors that influence health status association - CORRECT ANSWER-a group of people who have gathered based on similar goals or beliefs Case-control study - CORRECT ANSWER-individuals with the diseases (cases) are compared to individuals without the disease (controls) Case-Control Strengths - CORRECT ANSWER--Great for rare disease/condition -Important in understanding new diseases -INEXPENSIVE AND SHORTER -Need small sample Case Control Weakness - CORRECT ANSWER-- risk of bias - measurement error Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) - CORRECT ANSWER-- subjects in a population are randomly allocated into control groups -to receive or not receive an experimental intervention. - The results are assessed by rigorous comparison of rates of disease, death, recovery -RCTs are generally regarded as the most rigorous method of hypothesis testing Randomize Control Trial Strengths - CORRECT ANSWER-- Minimal Bias - Controls intervention/Treatment Randomized Control Trial Weakness - CORRECT ANSWER-- Costly - Lengthy - Labor Intensive cohort study - CORRECT ANSWER-a group of exposed individuals and a group of nonexposed individuals are followed over time to determine the incidence of disease Cohort Study Strengths - CORRECT ANSWER-- Useful when the exposure is rare. - Can examine multiple effects of a single exposure. - If prospective, minimizes bias in the ascertainment of exposure. - Allows direct measure of incidence of disease in the exposed an unexposed groups. Cohort Study Weaknesses - CORRECT ANSWER-- Inefficient for the evaluation of rare diseases unless attributable risk percent is high. - If prospective, can be extremely expensive and time consuming. - Potential bias in ascertainment of exposure, particularly if retrospective. - Potential bias in ascertainment of disease status (exposed may be actively seeking treatment).