Key historical influences to pharmacology - -Civilizations: Greece, Egypt, China
-Poison: Curare, Ergot
-Religion
Why was zinc oxide an important compound - currently found in topical creams (i.e. calamine)
What did ancient greece, egypt, and china contribute - greece - opium - codeine + morphi...
PHAR 100 Midterm | 165 Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest Update 2024 Key historical influences to pharmacology - ✔✔-Civilizations: Greece, Egypt, China -Poison: Curare, Ergot -Religion Why was zinc oxide an important compound - ✔✔currently found in topical creams (i.e. calamine) What did ancient greece, egypt, and china contribute - ✔✔greece - opium - codeine + morphine egypt - senna, purgatives china - ephedrine (asthma) What is Curare's function as a poison + pharmaceutical - ✔✔poison = paralysis/death, drug = anesthesia What is Ergot's function as a poison + pharmaceutical - ✔✔poison = mental frenzy, burning limbs, uterus contraction pharm = ergotamine: treats migraines, ergonovine: arrests uterine bleeding after childbirth What did Paul Ehrlich design - ✔✔organoarsenicals - binds to parasites = cure for syphillis Name 9 basic drug development steps - ✔✔1- drug discovery 2- pre-clinical 3- clinical trial: initial steps 4- phase 1: young healthy people 5- phase 2: people affected by disesase (~500 ppl) 6- phase 3: people affected by disease (1000+) 7- Health Canda review 8- Manufacturing 9 - Phase 4: tests over long period/taken concurrently w/ other drugs Name 6 advertising techniques - ✔✔-before/after -fear -offer an easy solution -attention catching -celeb endorsement -discredit other manufacturers Name 3 drug targets - ✔✔-receptors -chemical rxn -physical/chemical forces Explain ED50 - ✔✔The dose that gives 50% of max. response What are factors that contribute to the removal of the drug from the body - ✔✔Excretion: kidney (80%+ of drugs), must be water soluble (conversion needed) Biotransformation in liver, metabolism, feces (GI tract), saliva, sweat, milk, Define efficacy - ✔✔the max pharmacological response that can be produced by a specific drug in that bio system Define potency - ✔✔The dose of a drug required to produce a certain response (usually 50% of max) Define therapeutic range - ✔✔range of doses that keep [blood] of a drug above the [minimum] to produce desirable response, but below the [toxic response] What are the 4 major processes of pharmacokinetics - ✔✔1-absorption 2-distribution 3-metabolism 4-excretion Name 3 general main routes of administration - ✔✔1. Topical 2. Enteral admin (enter blood through GI tract) 3. Parental admin (injected into bloodstream) What are the 3 topical administration methods - ✔✔1. on skin 2. through skin (transdermal) 3. inhalation (rapidly absorbed by lungs) What are the 3 enteral administration methods - ✔✔1. mouth: most convenient, least expensive 2. rectum: systemic or local, bypasses stomach/liver enzymes 3. sublingual/buccal: under tongue/cheek Explain biotransformation - ✔✔liver contains enzymes that are able to convert drugs + other chemicals to water soluble products to be excreted in the urine - usually results in inactivation What is the main enzyme in biotransformation - ✔✔Cytochromes P450 -genetically variable -many drugs -substrates for P450 What are the 3 parental administration methods - ✔✔1. intravenous 2. intramuscular - drug injected deep into a muscle 3. subcutaneous - drug injected into deepest layer of skin How do drugs cross the membrane? - ✔✔1- pore filtration 2- passive diffusion
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