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Samenvatting Strafrecht UGent
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Samenvatting strafrechtInhoudsopgave
DEEL 0: ALGEMENE INLEIDING........................................................................................................................ 3
GESCHIEDENIS........................................................................................................................................................3
Archaïsch.........................................................................................................................................................3
Middeleeuwen (vanaf 13e eeuw).....................................................................................................................4
Verlichting (17e en 18e eeuw)..........................................................................................................................4
Vandaag (na Franse Revolutie).......................................................................................................................5
THEORIEËN............................................................................................................................................................6
Inleiding...........................................................................................................................................................6
Klassieke leer...................................................................................................................................................7
Positivistische school en sociaal verweer........................................................................................................8
Nieuw sociaal verweer....................................................................................................................................9
Nieuw realisme..............................................................................................................................................10
POLITIEK.............................................................................................................................................................11
Beleid strafbaarstelling.................................................................................................................................11
Vervolgingsbeleid..........................................................................................................................................12
Sanctioneringsbeleid.....................................................................................................................................13
Strafuitvoeringsbeleid...................................................................................................................................14
BRONNEN...........................................................................................................................................................14
Grondwet.......................................................................................................................................................14
Wet................................................................................................................................................................15
Internationaal recht......................................................................................................................................16
DEEL 1: DE STRAFWET.................................................................................................................................. 17
LEGALITEITSBEGINSEL............................................................................................................................................17
Algemeen.......................................................................................................................................................17
Betekenis van het begrip WET (lege).............................................................................................................17
INTERPRETATIE VAN DE STRAFWET (BELANGRIJK).........................................................................................................18
Letterlijke/strikte interpretatie......................................................................................................................18
Teleologische interpretatie............................................................................................................................19
Analogische interpretatie..............................................................................................................................19
STRAFWET EN HET EVRM......................................................................................................................................20
Strafbaarstellingen strijdig met de grondrechten uit EVRM.........................................................................20
Straffen strijdig met het EVRM......................................................................................................................20
TOEPASSING STRAFWET IN DE TIJD..........................................................................................................................20
Geldingsduur van de strafwet.......................................................................................................................20
Wetsconflicten in de tijd................................................................................................................................21
TOEPASSING STRAFWET NAAR DE PERSOON............................................................................................................23
Gelijkheidsbeginsel (art 10 Gw) en non-discriminatiebeginsel (art 11 Gw)..................................................23
Strafrechtelijke verantwoordelijkheid van RP...............................................................................................23
Schuldonbekwamen (minderjarigen en geesteszieken)................................................................................25
Schijnbare uitzondering (immuniteiten en voorrechten)..............................................................................25
TOEPASSING STRAFWET IN DE RUIMTE....................................................................................................................25
Belgisch grondgebied....................................................................................................................................26
Buitenland.....................................................................................................................................................28
DEEL 2: HET MISDRIJF................................................................................................................................... 33
BEGRIP...............................................................................................................................................................33
Definitie.........................................................................................................................................................33
Constitutieve elementen................................................................................................................................34
INDELING VAN DE MISDRIJVEN.................................................................................................................................35
1
, Wet................................................................................................................................................................35
Grondwet (politieke en persmisdrijven)........................................................................................................36
Beschermde waarde......................................................................................................................................38
Moreel element (schuld)................................................................................................................................39
Uitvoeringswijze............................................................................................................................................40
Andere...........................................................................................................................................................42
RECHTVAARDIGINGSGRONDEN.................................................................................................................................44
Definitie en grondslag...................................................................................................................................44
Onderscheid met schulduitsluitingsgronden.................................................................................................44
Onderscheid met verschoningsgronden........................................................................................................45
Onderscheid met verzachtende omstandigheden.........................................................................................45
Wettige verdediging (noodweer)..................................................................................................................45
Noodtoestand................................................................................................................................................48
Wettelijk voorschrift......................................................................................................................................49
Hoger bevel....................................................................................................................................................51
Toestemming slachtoffer...............................................................................................................................52
VERSCHONINGSGRONDEN.......................................................................................................................................53
Begrip............................................................................................................................................................53
Ratio legis......................................................................................................................................................53
Onderscheid...................................................................................................................................................53
Uitlokking......................................................................................................................................................53
Aangifte van bepaalde misdrijven aan de overheid......................................................................................54
Onderwerping aan de overheid.....................................................................................................................55
(Onrechtmatig) hoger bevel..........................................................................................................................55
Bloed en aanverwantschap...........................................................................................................................55
Herstel van schade........................................................................................................................................56
Slachtoffers mensenhandel...........................................................................................................................56
Pro Memorie Decumul...................................................................................................................................56
VERZACHTENDE OMSTANDIGHEDEN..........................................................................................................................56
Begrip............................................................................................................................................................56
Ratio legis......................................................................................................................................................57
VERZWARENDE OMSTANDIGHEDEN..........................................................................................................................57
Begrip............................................................................................................................................................57
Onderscheid...................................................................................................................................................57
DEEL 3: STRAFRECHTELIJKE VERANTWOORDELIJKHEID.................................................................................58
ALGEMENE BEGRIPPEN..........................................................................................................................................58
Strafrechtelijk schuldbegrip...........................................................................................................................58
Schuld, schuldbekwaamheid en toerekeningsvatbaarheid...........................................................................59
Schuld en objectieve aansprakelijkheid.........................................................................................................60
Vermoeden van onschuld..............................................................................................................................61
Schuld en causaliteit......................................................................................................................................61
Strafrechtelijke schuld en aquiliaanse fout...................................................................................................62
HET MOREEL ELEMENT (OPZET OF ONACHTZAAMHEID).................................................................................................63
Algemene beginselen....................................................................................................................................63
Opzet.............................................................................................................................................................63
Onachtzaamheid...........................................................................................................................................65
SCHULDUITSLUITINGSGRONDEN...............................................................................................................................66
Begrip............................................................................................................................................................66
Dwang...........................................................................................................................................................66
Dwaling..........................................................................................................................................................68
DEEL 4: STRAFBARE POGING EN DEELNEMING..............................................................................................69
STRAFBARE POGING..............................................................................................................................................69
Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................................69
Constitutieve elementen................................................................................................................................71
Niet strafbare poging....................................................................................................................................72
2
, Bestraffing.....................................................................................................................................................73
STRAFBARE DEELNEMING.......................................................................................................................................74
Begrip............................................................................................................................................................74
Theoretische grondslagen.............................................................................................................................74
Constitutieve elementen................................................................................................................................75
Bestraffing.....................................................................................................................................................77
Bijzondere vormen.........................................................................................................................................78
DEEL 5: DE SANCTIE...................................................................................................................................... 80
OVERZICHT SANCTIES.............................................................................................................................................80
Straffen..........................................................................................................................................................80
Maatregelen..................................................................................................................................................94
STRAFTOEMETING STRIKTE BETEKENING.....................................................................................................................97
Criteria (zie PPT)............................................................................................................................................97
Verschoningsgronden....................................................................................................................................97
Verzachtende omstandigheden.....................................................................................................................98
Recidive (herhaling).......................................................................................................................................99
Samenloop...................................................................................................................................................101
Verzwarende omstandigheden...................................................................................................................102
Poging en deelneming.................................................................................................................................103
Combinatie..................................................................................................................................................103
MODALITEITEN STRAFOPLEGGING..........................................................................................................................104
Algemene beginselen..................................................................................................................................104
Ratio legis van uitstel en opschorting.........................................................................................................105
Uitstel en opschorting.................................................................................................................................105
STRAFUITVOERING..............................................................................................................................................106
Algemene beginselen..................................................................................................................................106
Omstandigheden die het verval of tenietgaan van de straffen meebrengen.............................................109
Uitvoering van de straffen...........................................................................................................................111
Uitvoering van de beveiligingsmaatregelen................................................................................................116
UITWISSING EN EERHERSTEL..................................................................................................................................117
Uitwissing....................................................................................................................................................117
Eerherstel.....................................................................................................................................................117
Deel 0: algemene inleiding
Materieel strafrecht: inhoudelijke gedragingen (misdrijven), geheel van rechtsregels van
gedragingen (straffen) die bestraft kunnen worden, ten aanzien van burger
verbodsbepalingen
Formeel strafrecht: procedure die gevolgd moet worden, zo kan het materieel strafrecht
toegepast worden, ten aanzien van overheid toepassing regels
Geschiedenis
Nu hangt strafrecht hard samen met de soevereiniteit van de staat. Zij structureren het
strafrecht via het publiek recht.
Archaïsch
Nog geen strafrecht want sprake van primitieve maatschappij (clans) en geen staten
3
, Straffen privéaangelegenheid (tussen families wraak nemen)
Talio-recht: de sterkste wint door het recht in eigen handen te nemen (oog om oog
tand om tand)
Geen proportionaliteit tussen misdrijf en sanctie
Mengelmoes van godsdienstige en morele normen
Middeleeuwen (vanaf 13e eeuw)
Oud Germaanse strafproces (accusatoir):
Staat (feodale vorsten) komt tussen en gaat beperkingen beginnen opleggen aan de
wijze van wraak (bemiddeling)
Rondtrekkende rechters die een rondvraag gingen doen in dorp omtrent reputatie
dader = enquête du pays gaan conflictbeslechtingen en uitspraak doen
o Geen idee van schuld en onschuld = er moest altijd een dader uitgesproken
worden ook al was dat door slechte reputatie of roddels
Dader moet bewijzen dat hij het niet gedaan heeft
Accusatoir: rechter is een arbiter en partijen participeren
De beklaagde moest bewijs leveren dat hij het niet gedaan had
Infamia-procedure uit het canoniek recht
o Niet de waarheid proberen ontdekken
o Louter reputatie van beklaagde checken
Straffen: wreed en ongelijk (lichamelijk) zo kon vorst aantonen dat hij macht had
(centralisatie van macht)
Rechter legde vaak bloedgeld of compositio op = privaatrechtelijk aan slachtoffer om
wraak af te kopen (schadevergoeding)
Fredus (vredegeld) = geld aan overheid (voorganger van boete)
Inquisitoir strafproces:
Regels en wetboeken en procedures ontstaan in middeleeuwen door koning
Vorsten konden hun macht bewijzen met gruwelijke straffen
Burgerij zorgt voor revolutie
o Geen willekeur, openbaarheid of wreedheid
o Systeem van gevangenissen komt op (ziel en geest en niet meer lichaam
aantasten) andere visie van straffen
Inquisitoir: minder ruimte voor bemiddeling en dialoog er is een up to down
macht
Rechter heeft actieve rol en is belast met leveren van bewijslast (zie PdK) hij moet
de waarheid onderzoeken (NIET meer reputatie)
Men bleef wel wreed omdat men alles eraan deed om bekentenissen te krijgen
o Men had dus wel wetboeken met strikte bewijsreglementering maar paste dit
niet toe in de praktijk
Verlichting (17e en 18e eeuw)
Verlichting
4
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