A&P 1 ULTIMATE COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2023/2024
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Course
COMPREHENSIVE
Institution
COMPREHENSIVE
A&P 1 ULTIMATE COMPREHENSIVE
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2023/2024
Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER-is the study of the structure and relationship between
body parts.
Physiology - CORRECT ANSWER-is the study of the function of body parts and the
body as a whole
Gross (macroscopic) anatomy - CORRECT ANS...
A&P 1 ULTIMATE COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2023/2024 Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER -is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts. Physiology - CORRECT ANSWER -is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole Gross (macroscopic) anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER -is the study of body parts visible to the naked eye, such as the heart or bones. Histology - CORRECT ANSWER -is the study of tissues at the microscopic level. Cytology - CORRECT ANSWER -is the study of cells at the microscopic level Neurophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER -is the study of how the nervous system functions. atoms, molecules - CORRECT ANSWER -the chemical bonds between atoms provide the framework upon which all living activity is based. cell - CORRECT ANSWER -the smallest unit of life Organelles - CORRECT ANSWER -within the cell are specialized bodies performing specific cellular functions tissue - CORRECT ANSWER -is a group of similar cells performing a common function. Muscle tissue, for example, consists of muscle cells. organ - CORRECT ANSWER -is a group of different kinds of tissues working together to perform a particular activity. The heart is an organ composed of muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial tissues. organ system - CORRECT ANSWER -is two or more organs working together to accomplish a particular task. The digestive system, for example, involves the coordinated activities of many organs, including the mouth, stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, and liver. organism - CORRECT ANSWER -is a system possessing the characteristics of living things—the ability to obtain and process energy, the ability to respond to environmental changes, and the ability to reproduce. homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER -The maintenance of stable, internal conditions within specific limits. In many cases, stable conditions are maintained by negative feedback. negative feedback - CORRECT ANSWER -a sensing mechanism (a receptor) detects a change in conditions beyond specific limits positive feedback - CORRECT ANSWER -which an action intensifies a condition so that it is driven farther beyond normal limits Sagittal planes - CORRECT ANSWER -divide a body or organ vertically into right and left parts. If the right and left parts are equal, the plane is a midsagittal plane; if they're unequal, the plane is a parasagittal plane frontal (coronal) plane - CORRECT ANSWER -divides the body or organ vertically into front (anterior) and rear (posterior) parts. horizontal (transverse) plane - CORRECT ANSWER -divides the body or organ horizontally into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) parts. This is also known as a cross ‐
section. posterior/dorsal - CORRECT ANSWER -body cavity includes the cranial cavity (which contains the brain) and the vertebral cavity (which contains the spinal cord). anterior/ventral - CORRECT ANSWER -body cavity includes the thoracic cavity (which contains the lungs, each in its own pleural cavity, and the heart, in the pericardial cavity) and the abdominopelvic cavity (which contains the digestive organs in the abdomi nal cavity and the bladder and reproductive organs in the pelvic cavity). Squamous cells - CORRECT ANSWER -are flat. The nucleus, located near the upper surface, gives these cells the appearance of a fried egg. Cuboidal cells - CORRECT ANSWER -are cube ‐ or hexagon ‐shaped with a central, round nucleus. Columnar cells - CORRECT ANSWER -are tall with an oval nucleus near the basement membrane. Simple epithelium - CORRECT ANSWER -describes a single layer of cells Stratified epithelium - CORRECT ANSWER -describes epithelium consisting of multiple layers. Pseudostratified epithelium - CORRECT ANSWER -describes a single layer of cells of different sizes, giving the appearance of being multilayered. Epidermis - CORRECT ANSWER -the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone Stratum corneum - CORRECT ANSWER -most superficial layer of the epidermis and is the layer exposed to the outside environment Melanocyte - CORRECT ANSWER -cells that produce the pigment, melanin Basal cell - CORRECT ANSWER -cuboidal -shaped stem cell that is a precursor of the keratinocytes of the epidermis Sebaceous gland - CORRECT ANSWER -produces and secretes an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair. Adipocyte - CORRECT ANSWER -fat cells Free nerve ending - CORRECT ANSWER -is an unspecialized, afferent nerve fiber ending of a sensory neuron Dermis - CORRECT ANSWER -contains connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands Hypodermis - CORRECT ANSWER -deeper subcutaneous tissue; is made of fat and connective tissue Albinism - CORRECT ANSWER -Caused by a burn or congenital diseases Lentigenes - CORRECT ANSWER -Absence of melanin pigment of the body;pink eyes Leukodernma - CORRECT ANSWER -Darkening of skin due to exposure of ultraviolet energy from tanning beds or the sun Nevus - CORRECT ANSWER -Birthmark;malformation due to dilated capillaries Stain - CORRECT ANSWER -Milky -white spots Tan - CORRECT ANSWER -Permanent brown or wine -colored skin discoloration Vitiligo - CORRECT ANSWER -Freckles Keloid - CORRECT ANSWER -Chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands from retained sections and bacteria Chloasma - CORRECT ANSWER -Increased pigmentation on the skin in spots that are not elevated Mole - CORRECT ANSWER -Crack in the skin that penetrates the dermis Acne - CORRECT ANSWER -Collection of blood that is trapped underneath the nail or skin Fissure - CORRECT ANSWER -Abnormal growth of the skin Hematoma - CORRECT ANSWER -Thick scare Lesion - CORRECT ANSWER -Mark on the skin Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER -Small brownish spot of blemish on the skin, ranging in color from pale tan to brown or bluish black Skin tag - CORRECT ANSWER -Small brown or flesh -colored outgrowth of the skin Bone Tissue (A supportive connective tissue) - CORRECT ANSWER -Osseous Tissue Osteocytes - CORRECT ANSWER -Mature bone cells, which maintain the collagen and calcium phosphate composition of the matrix; they inhabit lacunae Osteoblasts - CORRECT ANSWER -Bone cells that produce new bone matrix; they mature into osteocytes Osteogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER -The process of producing new bone matrix Osteoprogenitor Cells - CORRECT ANSWER -Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts Osteoclasts - CORRECT ANSWER -Bone cells that remove and recycle bone matrix; very large, with many nuclei Osteon - CORRECT ANSWER -A single unit of compact bone Lacunae - CORRECT ANSWER -Pockets in compact bone in which osteocytes live
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