PMHNP Certification Exam| 2023/2024 Test Bank, Complete Verified Solution

PMHNP Certification Exam| 2023/2024 Test Bank, Complete Verified Solution Tarasoff Principle 1976 - duty to warn victims of potential harm from client Deontological Theory Ethical theory that states an action is judged as good or bad based on the act itself regardless of the consequences Teleological Theory Ethical theory that states an action is judged as good or bad based on the consequence or outcome Virtue ethics ethical theory that states actions are chosen based on the moral virtues (eg. honesty, courage, compassion, wisdom, gratitude, self-respect) or the character of the person making the decision Erikson's developmental stage infancy age range birth-1 year Erikson's developmental stage infancy developmental tasks trust vs. mistrust Erikson's developmental stage infancy indications of developmental mastery Ability to form meaningful relationships, hope about the future trust in others Erikson's developmental stage infancy indication of developmental failure poor relationships, lack of future hope, suspicious of others Erikson's developmental stage early childhood age 1-3 yo Erikson's developmental stage early childhood developmental task autonomy vs. shame and doubt Erikson's developmental stage early childhood indications of developmental mastery self-control, self-esteem, willpower Erikson's developmental stage early childhood indications of developmental failure poor self-control, low self esteem, self-doubt, lack of independence Erikson's developmental stage late childhood age 3-6yo Erikson's developmental stage late childhood developmental task initiative vs guilt Erikson's developmental stage late childhood indications of developmental mastery self-directed behavior, goal formation, sense of purpose Erikson's developmental stage late childhood indications of developmental failure lack of self-initiated behavior, lack of goal orientation Erikson's developmental stage school-age ages 6-12yo Erikson's developmental stage school-age developmental task industry vs. inferiority Erikson's developmental stage school-age indications of developmental mastery ability to work; sense of competency and achievement Erikson's developmental stage school-age indications of developmental failure sense of inferiority, difficulty with working, learning Erikson's developmental stage adolescence ages 12-20yo Erikson's developmental stage adolescence developmental task identity vs role confusion Erikson's developmental stage adolescence indications of developmental mastery personal sense of identity Erikson's developmental stage adolescence indications of developmental failure identity confusion, poor self-identification in group settings Erikson's developmental stage early adulthood ages 20-35 years Erikson's developmental stage early adulthood developmental task intimacy vs isolation Erikson's developmental stage early adulthood indications of developmental mastery committed relationships, capacity to love Erikson's developmental stage early adulthood indications of developmental failure emotional isolation, egocentrism Erikson's developmental stage middle adulthood ages 35-65 yo Erikson's developmental stage middle adulthood developmental task generativity vs. self-absorption or stagnation Erikson's developmental stage middle adulthood indications of developmental mastery ability to give time and talents to others, ability to care for others Erikson's developmental stage middle adulthood indications of developmental failure self-absorption, inability to row and change as a person, inability to care for others Erikson's developmental stage late adulthood age 65yo Erikson's developmental stage late adulthood developmental task integrity vs despair Erikson's developmental stage late adulthood indications of developmental mastery fulfilment and comfort with life, willingness to face death, insight and balanced perspective on life's events Erikson's developmental stage late adulthood indications of developmental failure bitterness, sense of dissatisfaction with life, despair over impending death Psychodynamic (Psychoanalytic) Theory -Sigmund Freud -all bx is purposeful and meaningful -principle of psychic determinism -most mental activity is unconscious -conscious behaviors and choices are affected by unconscious mental content -childhood experiences shape adult personality -instincts, urges, or fantasies function as drives that motivate thoughts, feelings, and bx -Id, Ego, Superego -conflict is experienced consciously as anxiety Principle of psychic determinism Even apparently meaningless, random, or accidental behavior is actually motivated by underlying unconscious mental content Intellectual disability typical age onset infancy- usually evident at birth ADHD typical age onset early childhood (per DSM by age 12) Schizophrenia typical age onset 18-25 for men 25-35 for women Major Depression typical age onset late adolescence to young adulthood dementia typical age onset most common after age 85 Freud's Id -contains primary drives or instincts -drives are largely unconscious -operates on the pleasure principle -"I want" pleasure principle the id seeks immediate satisfaction freud's ego -rational mind, logical and abstract thinking -"I think, I evaluate" Freud's superego -sense of conscience or right vs wrong -develops around age 6 -"I should or ought" Freud's psychosexual stage of development oral stage age 0-18 months Freud's psychosexual stage of development oral stage primary means of discharging drives and achieving gratification sucking, chewing, feeding, crying Freud's psychosexual stage of development oral stage psych disorder linked to failure of stage schizophrenia, substance abuse, paranoia Freud's psychosexual stage of development anal stage age 18 months-3 years Freud's psychosexual stage of development anal stage primary means of discharging drives and achieving gratification sphincter control, activities of expulsion and retention Freud's psychosexual stage of development anal stage psych disorder linked to failure of stage depressive disorder Freud's psychosexual stage of development phallic stage age 3-6 years Freud's psychosexual stage of development phallic stage primary means of discharging drives and achieving gratification exhibitionism, masturbation with focus on Oedipal conflict, castration anxiety, and female fear of lost maternal love Freud's psychosexual stage of development phallic stage psychiatric disorder linked to failure of stage sexual identity disorders Freud's psychosexual stage of development latency stage age 6years-puberty Freud's psychosexual stage of development latency stage primary means of discharging drives and achieving gratification peer relationships, learning, motor-skills development, socialization Freud's psychosexual stage of development latency stage psych disorder linked to failure of stage inability to form social relationships Freud's psychosexual stage of development genital stage age puberty forward Freud's psychosexual stage of development genital stage primary means of discharging drives and achieving gratification integration and synthesis of behaviors from early stages, primary genital-based sexuality Freud's psychosexual stage of development genital stage psych disorder linked to failure of sage sexual perversion disorders Cognitive Theory -Piaget - four stages of development Piaget developmental stage sensorimotor age birth-2 years Piaget developmental stage sensorimotor the critical achievement of this stage is object permanence Piaget developmental stage preoperational age 2-7 years Piaget developmental stage preoperational more extensive use of language and symbolism magical thinking Piaget developmental stage concrete operations age 7-12 years Piaget developmental stage concrete operations child begins to use logic develops concepts of reversibility and conservation Piaget developmental stage formal operations age 12 years-adult Piaget developmental stage formal operations ability to think abstractly thinking operates in a formal, logical manner interpersonal theory -Harry Stack Sullivan -self-system -when the person's need for satisfaction and security is interfered with by the self system, mental illness occurs -humans experience anxiety and bx is directed toward relieving the anxiety, which then results in interpersonal security self system interpersonal theory total components of personality traits two drives for behavior in interpersonal theory -the drive for satisfaction -the drive for security Freud's defense mechanisms -denial -projection -regression -repression -reaction formation -rationalization -undoing -intellectualization -suppression -sublimation -altruism Hierarchy of needs -Maslow -survival -safety and security needs -love and belonging -self-esteem -self-actualizaiton Sullivan's stage of interpersonal development infancy age birth-18 months Sullivan's stage of interpersonal development infancy developmental task oral gratification, anxiety occurs for the first time Sullivan's stage of interpersonal development childhood age 18 months- 6 years Sullivan's stage of interpersonal development childhood developmental task delayed gratification Sullivan's stage of interpersonal development juvenile age 6-9 years Sullivan's stage of interpersonal development juvenile developmental task forming peer relationships Sullivan's stage of interpersonal development preadolescence age 9-12 years Sullivan's stage of interpersonal development preadolescence developmental task same-sex relationships Sullivan's stage of interpersonal development early adolescence age 12-14 years Sullivan's stage of interpersonal development early adolescence developmental task opposite- sex relationships Sullivan's stage of interpersonal development late adolescence age 14-21 years Sullivan's stage of interpersonal development late adolescence developmental taks self-identity developed Health Belief Model Marshall Becker explains that healthy people do not always take advantage of screening or preventative programs because of certain variables: -perception of susceptibility -seriousness of illness -perceived benefits of tx -perceived barriers to change -expectations of efficacy transtheoretical model of change states that change such as in health bx occurs in 6 predictable stages -precontemplation -contemplation -preparation -action -maintenance motivational interviewing miller and rollnick -focused, goal-directive therapy -motivation is elicited from the client -nonconfrontational, nonadversarial self-efficacy and social learning theory -albert bandura -behavior is the result of cognitive and environmental factors theory of cultural care -madeline Leininger -regardless of the culture, care is the unifying focus and the essence of nursing theory of self-care Dorothy orem -self care therapeutic nurse-client relationship theory or interpersonal theory Hildegard Peplau -first significant psych nursing theory -sees nursing as an interpersonal process in which all interventions occur within the context of the nurse-client relationship phases of the nurse-client relationship -orientation -working phase (identification, exploration) -termination phase (resolution) caring theory jean Watson caring is an essential component of nursing t test assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests the difference among three or more groups pearson's r correlation tests the relationship between two variables probability likelihood of an event occurring lies between 0 and 1 an impossible event has probability of 0 a certain event has a probability of 1 P value aka level of significance describes the probability of a particular result occurring by change alone if P=0.1, there is a 1% probability of obtaining a result by chance alone Donabedian model structure, process, outcome process of quality improvement PDSA cycle Plan Do Study Act monoamines -biogenic amines -dopamine -norepinephrine -epinephrine -serotonin dopamine -catecholamine -produced in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area -precursor is tyrosine -removed from synaptic cleft by monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme action -D1-like and D2-like receptors four dopaminergic pathways -mesocortical -mesolimbic -nigrostriatal -tuberoinfundibular norepinephrine -catecholamine -produced in the locus ceruleus of the pons -precursor is tyrosine -major neurotransmitter implicated in mood, anxiety, and concentration disorders -Alpha 1 and 2 receptors epinephrine -catecholamine -produced by the adrenal glands -referred to as the adrenergic system serotonin -known as an indole -produced in the raphe nuclei of the brainstem -precursor is tryptophan -major neurotransmitter implicated in mood and anxiety disorders -5HT1a, 5HT1d, 5HT2, 5HT2a, 5HT3, 5HT4 receptors amino acids glutamate, aspartate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine glutamate -universal excitatory neurotransmitter -major neurotransmitter involved in process of kindling (implicated in sz dx and bipolar dx) -imbalance implicated in mood dx and schizophrenia -AMPA and MNDA receptors aspartate another excitatory neurotransmitter -works with glutamate GABA universal inhibitory neurotransmitter -site of action of benzos, alcohol, barbiturates, and other CNS depressants -GABAa and GABAb receptors glycine