100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Summary Cardiovascular disease - Master Biomedical Sciences, track Experimental Internal Medicine, University of Amsterdam $4.89   Add to cart

Summary

Summary Cardiovascular disease - Master Biomedical Sciences, track Experimental Internal Medicine, University of Amsterdam

 279 views  1 purchase
  • Course
  • Institution

Summary of lectures of the mastercourse Gastrointestinal and Cardiovascular Disease - part Cardiovascular Disease (=part for examination). Master Biomedical Sciences, track Experimental Internal Medicine, University of Amsterdam

Preview 4 out of 43  pages

  • February 11, 2018
  • 43
  • 2017/2018
  • Summary
avatar-seller
Cardiac development – van den Hoff

Prevalence of congenital cardiac malformation: 8-16 per 1000 life born children

- Many now survive because of surgery, prenatal diagnostics > new population of patients
- Only in 25% of cases cause is known:
• Genetic defect: sporadic or familial
• Environmental factor: teratogen (vitamin A, lithium, alcohol intoxication), disease of
mother (diabetes, Rubella)
• Combination

Three main themes:

- Error in the building plan
- Cardiomyopathy > cardiomyocytes do not develop well > do not contract/relax properly
- Arrhythmias > electrical impulse too fast/slow

Early development:

- Heart develops from mesoderm
- Cardiogenic mesoderm > endocardial cells + cardiomyocytes
- Signaling pathways involved:
• Wnt > blocks differentiation into cardiomyocytes
• Wnt inhibitors
• BMP > drives differentiation into cardiomyocytes




- Formation of heart tube by folding of embryonic disc
• Differential growth > ectoderm grows very fast > heart folds from above to ventral
• Defect in folding: ectopia cordis
- Initial heart tube contributes to interventricular septum and apex (only anterior part)

,- Differentiation and proliferation > first only at ventricular side > then other cells attracted +
further differentiation and proliferation
• After 4 weeks of human development the heart is formed > only needs to grow
- Development of the electrocardiogram:




• Primary heart tube > the peristaltic contraction and uni-directional blood flow implies:
▪ Localized pacemaker activity at one end of the heart tube (>polarity and
presence of sinus node function)
▪ Slow conduction owing to poor coupling of the myocardial cells
▪ Poorly developed sarcomeric and SR structures in the myocardial cells
• Embryonic heart > the adult-type ECG and uni-directional blood flow imply:
▪ Localized pacemaker activity at one end of the heart tube
▪ Compartments with slow and fast conduction alternate
▪ Compartments with poor and well-developed sarcomeric and SR structures
alternate
- Mutations:
• Ion channels and connexins (gap junctions between cardiomyocytes) > channelopathies
▪ E.g. long QT syndrome
• Sarcomere > not enough power > hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
• Cytoskeleton > dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

,Cardiac chamber formation:

- Tbox transcription factors:
• Tbx5: chamber development > development into cardiomyocytes
• Tbx2/3: conduction system > transcription inhibitors (prevents chamber formation)
• Tbx18: inflow region > development of sinus node
• Tbx1: outflow region




Cardiac septation:

- Ventricular septation
• Apposition




- Septation of the primary heart tube
• 2 pairs of cushions (in atrioventricular canal (avc) and outflow tract (oft)) > fuse
• Bloodstreams are now physically separated

, • Development of cushions:
▪ Cardiac jelly produced by primary myocardium (separation from endocardium) >
mesenchyme formed by EMT (endothelial-mesenchymal transition)
▪ Myocardialization = mesenchyme is replaced by myocardiocytes > muscular
outlet septum




• Alignment defects:




- Atrial septation
• Primary septum:

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller ajvv. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $4.89. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

75323 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling

Recently viewed by you


$4.89  1x  sold
  • (0)
  Add to cart